erences in the text to appended statements of the President and his Secretaries of State, comprising nearly two-thirds of the volume, permit the reader to test the accuracy of this exposition by an appeal to the official record.

An examination of the President's conduct of our foreign relations prior to the World War reveals the foundations of his permanent policy. His basic guide to action was a faith in democracy and the finality of the moral judgment in the minds of men as well as at the tribunal of God. From this faith grew the conviction that every nation should be free to develop constitutional liberty and "should regard every other nation as its equal; that fair dealing was the best means of preserving friendship and peace between the nations; that the guidance of established law was essential to international justice and fair dealing"; that international disputes should be arbitrated in the light of law; and finally that national force should be used only to combat criminal aggression and to further great humanitarian purposes.

By adherence to these ideals in the conclusion of arbitration treaties and in our relations with Mexico, China, Japan, the Philippines and England, the President established himself as the leader of American opinion, and enabled the United States to plead for international law and justice with "clean hands" when war engulfed the world.

The President demanded equally of all belligerents a strict observance of neutral rights guaranteed by well-established rules of international law. When the submarine warfare wantonly destroyed American life, for which no reparation was possible, violating both international law and the essential rights of humanity, a break with Germany became inevitable and imperative. In contrast were English invasions of American rights, involving mere loss of property capable of full reparation through diplomatic channels.

Foreseeing our eventual entry into the world conflict, President Wilson roused an apathetic public to support an augmented army and navy; reconciled the people to a break with our traditional isolation from European affairs; and manoeuvred the European belligerents into a reasoned statement of their war aims. Thus under Woodrow Wilson's leadership our war against Germany was lifted from a selfish vindication of national rights to a lofty international purpose,-a warfare for democracy, the rights of small nations, a concert of free peoples, and a durable world peace.

The writers justly claim a further pragmatic sanction for President Wilson's foreign policy. As a result thereof "a European quarrel originating obscurely in petty dynastic ambition, in greedy economic rivalry, and in base national hatred, was transformed, by the entrance of the United States, into a world conflict with the united forces of democracy and international peace," squarely ranged under American leadership, "against autocracy and continued world struggle.”

Certain inconsistencies of the President's diplomacy are gingerly treated. While regretting the repudiation, in the proposed modus vivendi for submarines and merchantmen (January 18, 1916), of the contention that submarines could not operate legally under existing international law, the authors ignore an earlier repudiation in the third Lusitania note. Again the scant account of our Caribbean relations barely hints at the conflict of our drifting imperialism in that quarter, with the Pan-American program for a union of American powers in a mutual

guarantee of their absolute political independence and territorial integrity contemplated by the Monroe Doctrine.

Princeton University.

SOCIOLOGY

LEONARD P. Fox.

CALHOUN, ARTHUR W. A Social History of the American Family from Colonial Times to the Present. Vol. I, The Colonial Period. Pp. 348. 1917. Vol. II, From Independence through the Civil War. Pp. 390. Price, $5.00 each. Cleveland: The Arthur H. Clark Company, 1918.

To those who are familiar only with the type of American history which seeks to idealize the past rather than to disclose the results of scientific research, the present volumes are destined to produce something of a shock. The author has sought to throw light upon the present problems of the family, not by theoretical moralizing, but by the description of its historic development as a social institution. The history is traced from the wider old world origins through its specific modifications under American conditions. The work represents most painstaking search for documentary evidence which is given in a profusion of detail in both quotation and reference. It is a veritable source book of social customs and conditions which have influenced the changing ideals of the American family. In Volume I, The Colonial Period, the author traces the development of ideas in regard to courtship and marriage, the position of women and children, sex ethics and family, life in colonial New England, the Middle Colonies and the colonial South. Various factors contributed by racial elements, religious practices and traditions, Puritan standards and ideals, etc. are considered. In Volume II, From Independence through the Civil War, the investigation is carried forward through the period of continental development and the disappearance of the frontier, showing the increasing importance of industrialism and the abolition of slavery. Typical chapters are: Marriage and Fecundity in the New Nation, The Social Subordination of Women, The Emergence of Women, Sex Morals in the Opening Continent, Negro Sex and Family Relations in the Ante-Bellum South, Racial Association in the Old South, The Effects of the Civil War.

In his preface to Volume I, the author has anticipated the most obvious criticism which may be urged against the work, viz., the seeming undue emphasis upon the economic interpretation and upon pathological anomalies. Nevertheless, a careful reading discloses a true historic perspective which removes it from the domain of fantastic interpretations and places it upon the solid foundation of genuine historical research. It is a cyclopedia of information in regard to the evolution of family ideals and morality in America and supplements admirably such productions as Goodsell's Brief History of the Family and Howard's monumental work on the History of Matrimonial Institutions. Its usefulness as a source book is marred, however, by the lack of an index.

University of Pennsylvania.

J. P. LICHTENBERGER.

CARTER, HENRY. The Control of the Drink Trade. Pp. xvi, 323. Price, $2.50. New York: Longmans, Green and Company, 1918.

As Lord D'Abernon states in the Preface, Mr. Carter's object in writing this book was to set forth in detail the regulations adopted to control the drink trade in Great Britain, the immediate purpose of each, under what conditions they have been enforced and the results that have accrued. The period covered is from the autumn of 1914 to the spring of 1917 (i.e., from the outbreak of the war to the time when, in order to safeguard food supplies, the output of liquor was curtailed by the Order of the Food Controller).

In Part I, Conditions before the War, the author points out the need for further regulation, the movement of public opinion, and the problem confronting the Control Board. Part II, The Administration of State Control, is devoted to the restrictive and constructive work of the Central Control Board, established in June, 1915. In Part III, The Effects of State Control, the author summarizes the results of the experiment. The charts and diagrams in this section are especially valuable.

The experiment of Great Britain is of outstanding importance and should be particularly interesting just now when National Prohibition is before the States. E. G. L.

STEINER, JESSE F. The Japanese Invasion. Pp. xvii, 231. Price, $1.25. Chicago: A. C. McClurg and Company, 1917.

The special merit of this volume lies in the author's appreciation that the relations of the United States and Japan in the future are far more important than the local questions created by the presence of a few thousands of Japanese in America. He recognizes that the race question, psychological rather than physical, lies at the bottom of the difficulty. He traces the advent of the Japanese to America, the changing attitudes towards them, their own reaction to American life and customs and analyzes all these things in the light of the impression they are creating in Japan. An excellent bibliography is included. It is a valuable and timely discussion. The tone is friendly and sympathetic, the statements very accurate.

C. K.

INDEX