CHAPTER

eration and Union. State sovereignty conflicts with na-
tional administration. The Annapolis convention.
Strength of the State sovereignty claim. Growth of the
national sentiment. The status of State sovereignty in the
framing of the Constitution. National and federal quali-
ties of the Constitution. Original proposed amendments.
Test case of National versus State sovereignty. The
Eleventh Amendment. State sovereignty allied with slav-
ery. The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 and 1799. The
Virginia resolution of 1798. Nullification as interpreted
by Madison, Jefferson and Calhoun. Early enunciations
of the right of secession: Quincy's declaration; Hartford
Convention report; Rawle's view of the Constitution.
The War of 1812 strengthens the national spirit. The
New West adopts a "broad construction" view. Internal
improvements and the Tariff Act of 1816. Earlier tariff
acts. New England demands a protective tariff. The
"Tariff of Abominations" (1828). The South opposes
tariff legislation. Calhoun's nullification doctrine ("The
South Carolina Exposition"). South Carolina passes an
ordinance of nullification. President Jackson issues "ex-
position" proclamation. The "Force Bill." The Ver-
planck bill. South Carolina repeals nullification ordinance.
Calhoun's State sovereignty contention. The Webster-
Hayne debate. The annexation of Texas. Southern
States threaten to secede. Sectional controversy narrowed
down to slavery. The Southern Confederacy formed.
The Confederate Government and Constitution. Differ-
ences between the National and the Confederate Constitu-
tions. Lincoln's first inaugural. The Thirteenth Amend-

ment.

IV THE FIRST YEAR OF THE WAR

PAGES

221-268

First trouble over Charleston forts. Anderson retires to
Fort Sumter. South Carolina occupies Fort Moultrie.
Buchanan misreads the signs. Secretary Black checks the
president's policy. Anderson to be reinforced. The Star
of the West fired on. Last efforts at compromise. South-
ern senators and representatives withdraw from Congress.
Governor Pickens demands surrender of Fort Sumter.
Alexander H. Stephens's address on the Confederate Con-
stitution. Question of the Border States. Lincoln consents
to evacuate Forts Sumter and Pickens. He reverses his
decision. Orders reinforcements of the forts. Futile nego-

CHAPTER

tiations for surrender of Sumter. Bombardment and evac-
uation of the fort. Lincoln calls for troops. Attack on
Union soldiers at Baltimore. Blockade of the Confederate
coast. Harper's Ferry and Gosport navy yard abandoned.
General Lee accepts leadership of Virginia forces. North-
ern volunteers for the defense of Washington. Richmond
becomes the Confederate capital. The members of the
Confederacy. Great Britain's neutrality as viewed by
North and South. Battle at Manassas Junction. Mc-
Dowell retired, McClellan in command. Congress passes
a sequestration act. Frémont transcends the scope of the
act. Re-election of Davis and Stephens. Differences be-
tween Scott and McClellan. McClellan's inactivity. The
battle of Ball's Bluff. Seizure of Mason and Slidell. Re-
pressive measures in the border States. Financial expe-
dients of 1862. The legal-tender controversy. Lincoln
orders McClellan to assume the offensive. Capture of Fort
Henry. Fort Donelson surrendered. Duel of the Merri-
mac and the Monitor. Grant replaced by Smith. Is re-
stored. The battle of Pittsburg Landing. Albert S. John-
ston fatally wounded. Surrender of New Orleans. Slav-
ery abolished in Federal Territories. Lincoln's plan of
compensated emancipation. Hunter's emancipation proc-
lamation countermanded by the president. Summary of
results of the first year of the war.

V THE SECOND YEAR OF THE WAR.

PAGES

269-313

Destruction

The Confederates retreat toward Richmond.
of the Merrimac. The Union fleet near Richmond.
Panic in Richmond. The Federal fleet repulsed. Scat-
tered positions of the Union forces. Jackson's successes
over the political Union generals. The battle of Seven
Pines. Lee appointed commander-in-chief of the Confed-
erate army. His campaign against McClellan. The bat-
tles of Gaines's Mill and Malvern Hill. The Army of
the Potomac retreats to Harrison's Landing. Greeley's
"Prayer of Twenty Millions." English-built Confederate
privateers. Halleck appointed to chief command of the
Union armies. Pope's disastrous campaign. McClellan
deprived of his command. Is reappointed. Fitz John
Porter the scapegoat of Bull Run. His final restoration
to rank. Lee marches into Maryland. Gloom of the
North. McClellan's lucky "find" leads to a Union victory
at South Mountain. Harper's Ferry falls to the Confed-

CHAPTER

VI

erates.

The battle of Antietam. Lee retreats into Vir-
ginia. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation. Sentiment
of the North and in Congress as to emancipation. Mili-
tary conditions in the West. Bragg's invasion of Ken-
tucky. Buell replaced by Rosecrans. Burnside replaces
McClellan. Estimate of McClellan. The battle of Fred-
ericksburg. Burnside resigns and is succeeded by Hooker.
Cabinet dissension. The final Emancipation Proclamation.
"Copperhead opposition." The Conscription Act. Finan-
cial legislation. Arrest and conviction of Vallandigham.
Lincoln's defence of the suspension of habeas corpus. The
creation and admission of West Virginia. The battle of
Chancellorsville. Death of Stonewall Jackson. Summary
of the results of the second year of the war.

THE THIRD YEAR OF THE WAR

PAGES

315-390

Lee invades the North. Impelling motives of the move-
ment. Preliminary Confederate movements in Virginia.
Pennsylvania entered. Early seizes York. Lee occu-
pies Chambersburg. Hooker's operations hampered by the
War Department. He is superseded by Meade. Man-
œuvres of the opposing armies toward Gettysburg. The
first day's battle at Gettysburg. The positions of the com-
batants. The second day's struggle. Operations of the
third day. Pickett's disastrous charge. Lee's army re-
treats. The cost of the Gettysburg field.
Grant's expe-

dition against Vicksburg. "The Campaign of the Bayous."
Grant's differences with McClernand. Operations against
Grand Gulf and Fort Gibson. Grant takes the city of
Jackson and reaches the rear of Vicksburg. A general
assault fails. The long siege and final surrender. Draft
riots in New York. Peace efforts. Enlistment of negro
slaves in the Union army. Retaliatory measures of the
Confederacy. Negro soldiers in the Confederate army.
The attitude of Great Britain toward the conflict. France
offers mediation. Diplomatic difficulties with Great
Britain over Confederate war vessels. The Confederate
representative recalled from London. Mexican affairs in
relation to the Union and the Confederacy. Difficulties as
to exchange of prisoners. Resolution of the Confederate
Congress as to negro prisoners. Treatment of Union sol-
diers. Confederate prisoners. The battles of Chicka-
mauga and Lookout Mountain. Vallandigham again at-
tacks the administration. The writ of habeas corpus sus-

CHAPTER

VII

pended. Further call of half a million soldiers. A
Russian fleet visits the North. Brighter outlook at the
North. Financial, industrial and social conditions.

.

PAGES

THE FOURTH YEAR OF THE WAR
391-513
The strength of the Union navy. The question of block-
ade. The Confederate naval force. Operations of the
Union navy. Bailey's dam at Alexandria.
Grant ap-
pointed lieutenant-general. Important changes in Union
commands. Johnston succeeds Bragg. Grant's plan.
Strength of the opposing forces. The march toward Rich-
mond. The battles in the Wilderness. Sherman's cam-
paign in the West. The battle of Kenesaw Mountain.
Johnston superseded by Hood. Death of McPherson.
Capture of Atlanta. Sheridan wins the Shenandoah
Valley. The battle of Fisher's Hill. Sheridan's victory at
Cedar Creek. The siege of Petersburg. The presidential
succession agitates the North. Opposition to Lincoln. Fré-
mont nominated by the Radicals. The Republican plat-
form. Lincoln's letter of acceptance. Chase retires from
the Cabinet. McClellan the Democratic nominee. His
letter of acceptance. The vote of 1864. Lincoln's inter-
pretation of the Civil War. His message to Congress.
McClellan resigns his commission. The navy in Decem-
ber, 1864. Naval operations of the year. Notable naval
engagements of the war. Cushing's famous exploits. The
capture of Wilmington. Lincoln's pardon offer of De-
cember, 1864, and his amnesty and reconstruction proc-
lamation of 1863. Blair's peace effort. The Hampton
Roads Conference. General Sherman's operations. His
"March to the Sea." Fort McAllister captured. Savannah
occupied. The battle of Franklin. Hood's army de-
stroyed at Nashville. Development of the moral sentiment
against slavery. Steps in the overthrow of the Southern
"institution." Slavery abolished in Arkansas, West Vir-
ginia, Louisiana, Maryland. Nevada incorporates an anti-
slavery clause in its constitution. Tennessee abolishes
slavery. Congress adopts the Thirteenth Amendment.
Lincoln's second inaugural. Sherman's march through
South Carolina. Johnston reappointed to command of
the Army of Tennessee. Grant's final operations. The
battle of Five Forks. Petersburg and Richmond evac-
uated. The Confederate government in flight. Lincoln
visits Richmond. Lee's army surrounded. Negotiations for

CHAPTER

surrender. Final terms agreed upon. Closing formalities
and courtesies of the surrender. Lincoln's last public ad-
dress. His policy of reconstruction. Ceremonial raising

of the Union flag over the ruins of Fort Sumter. Lincoln
assassinated at Ford's Theatre. The extent of Booth's con-
spiracy. Johnson takes the oath of office as president.
The effect of Lincoln's assassination on the Northern mind.
A price for the capture of Jefferson Davis. Johnston pro-
poses an armistice. Articles agreed upon with Sherman.
The Cabinet refuses to accept them. Immediate surrender
of Johnston's army required. Final terms of surrender.
Taylor's and other Confederate forces surrender. Nar-
rative of the capture of Jefferson Davis. His imprison-
ment and final discharge. His later career. Foreign com-
ments on Jefferson Davis. The new mind and the old in
Mississippi. Forces engaged in the war. The casualties.
Economic progress at the North during the war. The
national task in the war. General results of the war.
APPENDIX

Final Emancipation Proclamation.

CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGES

515-517

519-530

531-535