By Dr. A. GESNER, F.G.S. depth to which the instrument has been lowered. This! PETROLEUM SPRINGS IN NORTH AMERICA. depth should be ascertained by. the sounding line, to which, at least for some time, the instrument in each experiment should be attached. The mass of water in the cylinder and stem is considered to be divided into 2,000 parts, of which the stem contains one-tenth or 200 parts; these are numbered from 1,800 to 2,000. Each part on the stem may easily be read to a tenth, or a 20,000th part of the whole. In a paper read before the Geological Society, on the 6th November, the author, after some observations on the antiquity of the use of mineral oil in North America and elsewhere, and on the present condition of the oil and gas springs, and the associated sulphur and brine springs in the United States, stated that 50,000 gallons of mineral A compression of one part in 20,000 is caused by a pres-oil are daily raised for home use and for exportation. The sure of 15.8 lbs. auvoirdupois, or a depth of sea-water of oil region comprises parts of Lower and Upper Canada, 35,456 feet, or nearly six fathoms. This result is con- Ohio, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Virginia, Tennessee, Arfirmed both by the experiments of Mr. Canton and Mr. kansas, Texas, New Mexico, and California. It reaches Perkins, and Mr. Johnson, and appears to be a perfectly from the 65th to the 128th degree of long. W. of Greensafe basis for the compilation of tables of comparison and wich, and there are outlying tracts besides. pressure. It is, however, highly desirable that the depths as thus determined, should be compared with those determined at the same time by soundings at different depths, as such would furnish the corrections, if any, necessary to be applied, and give confidence in the indications by the pressure gauge, and enable it to be used with confidence when strong currents render the use of the lead uncertain. In observation, a small correction will be necessary to be applied on account of variation of temperature, and also for friction; this variation of volume is not uniform, being greater at high than at low temperatures. From many careful experiments made during the past year, it is found that 20,000 parts of boiled sea-water, at 86° Fah., contract to 19.945 at 70°, to 19.899 at 50°, and to 19-880, at 31°. The following table shows the variation in the volume of sea-water, boiled to free it from air, with change of temperature: THERMOMETER 67.5° FAHR. BAROMETER 29.92. DEGREES. No. OF PARTS. DEGREES. No. OF PARTS. Fahr. Fahr. 86° 20000 53° 19905-0 85 19996 52 19903-0 19992-5 51 19901-0 19989-0 50 19899.0 19985-5 19897-0 The oil is said to be derived from Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous rocks. In some cases the oil may have originated during the slow and gradual passage of wood into coal, and in its final transformation into anthracite and graphite-the hydrogen and some carbon and oxygen, being disengaged, probably forming hydrocarbons, including the oils. In other cases, animal matter may have been the source of the hydrocarbons. Other native asphalts and petroleums were referred to by the author, who concluded by observing that these products were most probably being continually produced by slow chemical changes in fossiliferous rocks. EXTRACTS FROM THE REPORTS OF H.B.M. (Continued from Vol. IX., page 816.) REMARKS ON THE PRODUCTIONS AND EXPORTS OF PARA, (BRAZIL).-Minerals.-Of the nineral wealth of the two provinces of Pará and of the Upper Amazons little can be said, except to state the positive fact of its existence. Hitherto it has been totally neglected. Gold, iron, quicksilver, traces of copper, &c., are to be mentioned amongst the metals which exist in various parts of this magnificent territory. Gold exists in large quantities, not only along the banks of the Amazons' tributaries on either side, such as the Tocantins, the Pacaja, the Acara, the Madeira, the Jarí, &c., but even along the creeks which discharge themselves directly into the sea. It is found, as in Australia and California, in fine scaly dust, heavy granules and nuggets on and near the surface; and, as in California, the "washing stuff," or earth containing a remunerative quantity of gold, is more abundant in proportion to the unproductive earth, than in most of the Australian diggings. It is also stated, with much apparent reason, that auriferous quartz abounds in the range of high ground, which, after winding in a direction to E.S.E. from the 1sthmus of Darien, is intersected by the Valley of the Amazons, about 700 miles from the mouth of that river. This range, so to call it, is, as it were, a spur projected from the northern continent, and juts out into the British, Dutch, and French territories of Guiana. Diamonds are amongst the principal gems which are to be found at Para (Brazil). As far as they have yet been detected, they have been small. But as the interior has been barely visited, except very cursorily, even by casual exploration, the supply of diamonds may be as great here as in the province of Bahia. Common salt, though not found within the limits of these two provinces of Brazil, would, if elaborated, contribute to the trade of this outlet. I am indebted to Mr. Richard Spruce, a traveller who is collecting botanical specimens for the gardens at Kew, for the information that vast extents of territory, (within the confines of Peru and Ecuador), through which the tributaries of the Amazons descend are covered with a deep crust (often several A gentle motion kept up to equalise the temperature of the Sea feet in thickness) of a salt almost free from impurities. Water has prevented its freezing at 28.5 deg. White glistening cliffs or crags, consisting of the same material, are seen along the banks of the Huallaga. Coal, also, is said to have been discovered within these two provinces of Brazil. Articles of Export.-The principal articles of export are India-rubber, cocoa, Brazil-nuts, piassava, cotton, balsam of Copaiba, sarsaparilla, rice, anatto, and hides. Besides these, also smaller quantities of cravo, copal-gum, isinglass, tonquin-beans, tapioca, horns, bones, puxiry, and tobacco appear amongst the exports. A very good quality of yellow cinchona is found in this and the adjoining province; but the bark is not collected, and therefore it does not enter into commerce. Excellent vanilla, too, abounds in the forests, choking the shrubs over which it clambers with its wild luxuriance, but this produce also is wholly neglected. Innumerable medicinal plants, preparations from which are very costly in Europe, are strewn over the whole face of the country, but they are unnoticed. rubber depend greatly upon the manipulation of the milk, and, amongst other things, upon the process of smoking over a fire fed with the nuts or kernels of the Urucuri palm; but the virgin forests of Western Africa are as rich and interminable as those of this country, and all the appliances are at hand there, as here, for proper manipulation, whilst the inferior qualities of rubber, which contribute to the bulk of the consumption, are to be obtained in greater abundance in British India than here. It is the product from the Iatropha elastica (here called the Seringa tree), which is the best, and this tree is as much indigenous to Western Africa as to the watershed of the Amazons. A tree called here the Mangabeira, also yields a milk concreting into a rubber of inferior quality; and an attempt has been made at Ceará to establish a competing supply of rubber derived from that tree. But, as this rubber can only be available for the purposes to which the Singapore rubber (obtained from a parasitic or bind-tree), or that of the Burrampooter (obtained from the Banyan), is equally applicable,—that attempt resulted in disappointment; because, owing to the listlessness and indolence of the people of this country, they can only be roused to action by the stimulus of some extraordinary advantage;-wherefore, there is either little or no efficient labour, or it must needs be very costly.. Already the Seringals (Seringa woods, or sites for the collection of rubber in this province) were well-nigh deserted by the settlers of the interior, during the latter part of the past dry season (1856), because rubber had fallen to 16 or 17 milreis the arroba at Pará; whereas other articles (of consumption), whether native or foreign, had rather advanced than retrograted in price. And the Indian is not fond of working at any time, but he is still less so when he fancies he is working only for the advantage of the dealer who receives his produce. It is therefore not unlikely that the supply of rubber in this market will in future be scanty, unless there should be a great fall in the prices of all other articles on the one hand (which appears improbable), or a great rise in the price of rubber (which also appears improbable), or, again, a sudden immigration of energetic foreigners,-which is, perhaps, the most probable contingency. If elaborated, the supply is inexhaustible, because the area over which the Seringa trees abound is immense, and because the method of collecting the milk by tapping, practised here, does not destroy the tree, like the Malay fashion of hewing down the GuttaPercha tree. The Seringa tree here, after being well tapped, and apparently spent for a time, revives and yields again, after a respite of two or three seasons. For the purpose of waterproofing, in which impermeability India-rubber (Seringa* or Caoutchouc†).-Although the exportation of cocoa has been more considerable than that of india-rubber as to quantity, india-rubber may properly be termed the staple article of export, because not only is its value greater, but until recently it was the distinguishing production of this territory, in comparison both with the rest of South America and with the whole world. The discoveries of large quantities of india-rubber in the East Indies, and chiefly in Malacca and the off-lying islands (from a different plant); the rapid improvement in its manipulation, and increase in its exportation to Europe; the subsequent elaboration of the same product in Central America, (where, however, it had been discovered even before this territory was explored by Europeans,) though in small quantities; the same discovery and elaboration on the western coast of South America; (as about Guayaquil,) and, lastly, the more recent discovery and elaboration of caoutchouc, of very superior quality, on the coasts of Africa; all these circumstances have stripped the india-rubber trade of Para not only of its importance, but of its distinctness also. This result, which may, perhaps, change the course of commerce in this district, was due to an exuberance of prosperity. The multiplicity of inventions for the utilisation of india-rubber, which were practically applied since 1848, both in Europe and in the United States, has created an increased demand for the raw material. Mr. T. Hancock, of Manchester, and Mr. Goodyear, of the United States, were rivalling each other in manufacturing ingenuity and were being multiplied by a host of imitators, all of whom became consumers of caoutchouc. Mr. Goodyear then discovered the universalising process of vulcanisation (as it is termed), whereby the uses of this product were endlessly increased. The dealers, stimulated by an unwonted and seemingly insatiable de-alone is essential (and not elasticity), the milk can be used, mand, entered into a wildly speculative competition in purchasing at Para, which commenced in 1853, and attained its culminating point in 1854. The same stimulus impelled others to seek for new sources of supply in other parts, where the climate and botanical characteristics favoured the probability that such supplies would be obtained. In the meanwhile, the importations into Europe from Singapore, of a rubber of inferior quality truly, but which served many of the purposes of manufacture, and which was at first introduced at about one-fifth the price of that from Para, had considerably stanched the consumption; wherefore Para rubber, bought in this market at 2s. 8d. per lb., (the average value in England being about 1s. 8d.) resulted in such losses as reduced the value of rubber at Para, step by step, to a parity with the real value of the article in Europe and the United States. That the consumption of india-rubber is likely to be yet more increased by its being used in a vulcanised state to make the washers of machinery, to line steam boilers (as a preservative, and even, perhaps, (as has been proposed) to the inside lining of ships, and to many other purposes requiring the employment of large quantities, is doubtless true. It is also true that the elasticity and toughness of the and has been used, without smoking; that is before it is concreted; although, even when so used, it is better for being smoked, to carry off its naturally festid smell (and which it loses in the artificial drying process). For this application a demand was springing up in the United States, it having been discovered that the milk could be kept liquid by being put into bottles, with a very small quantity of liquor ammoniæ, and hermetically sealed. In 1854, a sample of fifty-four arrobas of rubber milk, so preserved, was exported to New York. But hereupon the provincial government of Pará took alarm lest, if this application were continued, the whole supply of the country should be exhausted, the employment afforded by the manipulation at the Seringals should be put an end to, and distress should be brought upon the working population; reasons, neither of which had the least foundation. Wherefore a measure was immediately passed through the provincial legislature, imposing a prohibitory duty on the exportation of the liquid milk. Formerly all, or nearly all, of the india rubber met with in this country was already fashioned, either into the form of rude bottles, or shoes, &c. The latter were freely exported (chiefly to the United States) for use; but the former were mostly cut up. Now the best rubber is mostly smoked upon narrow boards, which mould it into oblong cakes, wholly free from impurities, and very convenient for packing. The exportation of rubber shoes, which formerly met the bulk of the demand, has gradually dwindled into insignificance, having been superseded by the supply of superior articles made in Europe and in the United States. There are in this country four qualities of concreted rubber, the three first of which are smoked, and the last of which is unsmoked, consisting of that which concretes, either owing to rain falling into it (whereby it is precipitated), or owing to delay in manipulating. These four varieties are known by the names of fine, medium, and coarse Boracha, and Sernamby. Cocoa.-Until very lately Pará cocoa was very generally and deservedly despised, because it was always in such bad condition. Carelessly gathered and cleared from the pulp, -very partially dried at best, and often cast into heaps and left to heat, before it was sent down from the interior to this port,-then as carelessly thrown into the bottoms of leaky boats, and, even when here, stored without proper hand-picking and drying, it was very commonly musty before shipment. The great demand created in France during the late war to supply the large military contracts naturally directed the attention of buyers to this port, where, in consequence of the abovenamed circumstances, cocoa could be purchased for less than one-half the price demanded in the West Indies. The consequence has been that, even in 1855, and still more in 1856, much greater attention was paid to the collection and treatment of the cocoa; and what between its superior condition, an active demand, and a supply rendered scanty by a foregoing season of drought, it has latterly risen to more than three times its former price. Brazil Nuts.-The collection of Brazil nuts employs the settlers of the interior (who are engaged during the dry season in collecting rubber) during the rains, when Borracha, or smoked rubber, cannot be prepared, because the rain water falling into the milk concretes it before it can be collected at the working shed of the Seringeiro. exportation up to 1853, has almost ceased to be despatched to foreign markets. Piassava, which is a species of reedfibre, is almost exclusively used in this country to make a rough but durable species of rope, resembling that made of cocoa-nut fibre, except that it is of a darker colour. This rope resists the destructive effect of moisture and sun-heat better than any other, and is the only material which will endure either for hawsers, cable, or standing rigging, in this climate. Piassava is mostly exported for brush-making; and during the transit it serves as dunnage. Hard Woods and Dye Woods.-Although there is no manufacture of any consequence from these valuable products, and no exportation of them at all, it were a serious omission, in speaking of the productions of Pará and the Amazons, to pass over these without a brief notice. There are more than 18 varieties of cabinet woods, of the most beautiful grain and hues, many of which grow in the form of huge timber trees, and some of which are more enduring than stone. There are also several dye woods which yield imperishable colours to the most obdurate fibre. Home Correspondence. STEERING OF STEAMERS. SIR, Mr. Leigh is perfectly correct when he states that a vessel, propelled either by paddles, oars, or screws, will invariably turn on its centre when its propellers, of whatever kind, are moved in contrary directions; and if Mr. Knox doubts the truth of mechanical science, he has only to step into the first pair-oar boat he comes across, pul one oar and push the other. The practical proof would soon convince him that the boat, when so managed, can do no other than turn slowly upon its own centre. Mr. Knox further proceeds to argue that, if practicable and useful, the invention would long since have been adopted by both the shipbuilders and the Government, while it is notorious that manufacturers never avail themselves of new inventions not their own, they having a mortal horror of any change that might possibly imply some increase of trouble and expenditure, until compelled into them for a series of years, and then, when they do happen to take up some novelty, they engage in it by wholesale, while the invention may perhaps be in its infancy, and thereby cut themselves off from any ulterior improvement, by amassing an enormous stock on hand of an inferior description. We have two cases in point at the present time-the Enfield rifle, and the Armstrong gun, to both of which arms there are others much superior. Rice, Cotton, Coffee, Sugar, and Piassava. The production of rice, which might be abundant, especially in this province, of which so vast an area consists of low, level islets, abundantly irrigated, is neither considerable nor carefully conducted. In fact, no produce which requires attention and tillage has yet obtained much consideration from the settlers of this country, who, finding mandioca in the to do so by the power of public opinion. woods, and fish in the ever-recurring plexus of rivers and The case of the Government authorities is still worse creeks, prefer to live upon these rather than to exert them--they never adopt a new idea until it has been drilled selves to procure aught else. This remark applies as well to cotton and sugar as to rice; and if there be a little more attention paid to the sugar cane in some places, it is owing to the demand for rum; for there is so little sugar made, that, although a very small quantity still appears in the catalogue of exports, the actual consumption is now really supplied from the province of Pernambuco chiefly. The excuse for the suspension of sugar making (for mills are not wanting) is that this requires much labour, and that, especially since the cholera season of 1855, hands are very scarce. Yet, over the greater part of this province there are advantages presented for the cultivation of the cane and the making of sugar which cannot be rivalled in the world; and, amongst others, there is a perfect security against the injurious effects of droughts. As to cotton, it is well known that to be successfully grown it requires cultivation and attention, whereas in this district it merely runs wild. The coffee which is produced here is also left in a state of nature, or nearly so. The chief show of cultivation consists in the occasional clearing away of large timber trees, so as to let air and sunshine in upon the coffee trees. The quality of the produce is not naturally bad, but the total neglect in which it grows affords it little chance of competing with the produce of countries in which it is carefully tended, either in quality or quantity. Nor is the quantity collected sufficient to supply the consumption, which. like that of sugar, is chiefly fed from Pernambuco. Coffee has not yet become an article of export; and sugar, of which there was a trifling The Enfield cannot compete with several other rifles, and Signor Cavalli's breech-loader cannon is very far in advance of anything Sir W. Armstrong has yet produced. I do not agree, however, with Mr. Leigh in supposing for a moment that steering by the rudder can ever be dispensed with in plain sailing or steaming, but his modeof disconnecting and reversing the motion of the two paddles or the two screws will be found a most powerful and essential auxiliary in all difficult cases, and more especially in every species of naval warfare. I am, &c., Nov. 16, 1861. HENRY W. REVELEY. SIR,-Your correspondent, Mr. James Knox, criticises my letter on the above subject in a manner which compels me to explain one fact, which he denies, and another which he says he does not understand, viz. :-In the case of the John Bartlet, which was run down off Holyhead, the first reports stated that the steersmen were confused, which caused the accident; but the evidence on the inquest contradicted this, and it was admitted that the helmsmen on both sides did their duty. The thing he does not understand, viz., "how a vessel can be made to turn round in the water without moving an inch forward," seems plain enough. Any one getting into a boat with two oars, and working them in contrary directions, with equal power, will find that the boat will not move an inch forward, but simply spin round. So with steamers. It is idle to talk about the precise facts as regards the John Bartlet, since such accidents, more or less disastrous, are almost of daily occurrence, and keep increasing from year to year, as our commercial rivers and seas get more crowded, and our steamers are built larger and larger, and more than ever unmanageable in that respect. My object in first writing to you was to point out a great and growing public evil, which must be remedied on commercial, humane, and defensive grounds. On commercial and humane grounds because of the disasters that are constantly and increasingly occurring, the annual catalogue of which is frightful; as bearing on our national defences, because a vast amount of public money is now being spent in vain. year, out of a total income of £141 16s. 1d., of which sum £35 went to the purchase of new and second-hand' books. MEETINGS FOR THE ENSUING WEEK. MoN....Architects, 8. Mr. Wyatt Papworth, "On the Superintendents of English Buildings in the Middle Ages; Collections for an Historical Account of Masons, their Customs, Institutions, &c. Ethnological, 8. Medical, 84. Dr. F. W. Mackenzie, "Application of Pathological and Physiological Inferences to the Prevention and Cure of Phlegmasia Dolens." TUES....Civil Engineers, 8. Mr. J. Bailey Denton, "On the Dis charge from Underdrainage, and its Effects on the Arterial Ethnological, 8. 1. The Right Rev. the Bishop of Labuan, Chemical, 8. 1. Dr. Oppenheim, "On the Camphor of In the report of the trial trip of the Warrior, just ended, THURS...Antiquaries, 8§. it is stated that it required 19 minutes to wear her, with a great strength of men at the wheel, and only 15 minutes to wear the Revenge, her companion (a lighter vessel). Of course this is only another illustration of my first assertion, that large masses of matter in motion cannot be turned out of their course suddenly by a small power at the helm. Linnæan, 8. 1. Mr. J. D. Macdonald, R.N., " On a New Although "not exactly engaged in nautical matters," FRI.......Archæological, 4. for the last 30 years I have had something to do with machinery, during which I think I have solved many difficult mechanical problems, and therefore do not believe in any of the difficulties which are stated to impede the accomplishment of this object. There are several other things I have noticed about ships so quaint, and ill adapted to the purpose they are intended to serve, that, verily, they seem to have been copied from Noah's ark. I am, &c., Manchester, Nov. 19th, 1861. EVAN LEIGH. Proceedings of Institutions. PATENT LAW AMENDMENT ACT. APPLICATIONS FOR PATENTS AND PROTECTION ALLOWED. [From Gazette, November 22nd, 1861.] 1766. F. Tolhausen, 35, Boulevart Bonne-Nouvelle, Paris-Imp. in Dated 20th July, 1861. 1832. J. Platt and J. Buckley, Oldham-Imp. in machinery for spinning and doubling cotton and other fibrous materials. Dated 6th August, 1861. 1952. F. Tolhausen, 35, Boulevart Bonne-Nouvelle, Paris-Improved mechanical contrivances increasing the effect of motive power. (A com.) Dated 26th August, 1861. FARNHAM YOUNG MEN'S ASSOCIATION. On Friday evening, November 1, the Lord Bishop of Winchester, 2126. F. Tolhausen, 35, Boulevart Bonne-Nouvelle, Paris-A new kind of artificial fur to be made by means of the Jacquard or other loom, with silk or other textile material. (A com.) Dated 20th September, 1861. G. Roberts, 28, Bessborough-place, Pimlico, and F. Lambe, Cushion-court, Old Broad-street-Certain imp. in lamps and lamp wicks, whereby they are adapted for more effectively burning animal, linseed, and other heavy and also glutinous and bituminous oils, and other burning fluids employed for illuminating purposes. Dated 8th October, 1861. proof fabrics by combining paper with woven or spun fabrics. Dated 10th October, 1861. President of the Association, presided at the lecture delivered by the Rev. J. S. HOARE, on "Geology in its relation to Scripture," and, after the lecture, announced the following annual statistics, which had been prepared by the 2356. Secretary, and which his lordship considered very satisfactory:-During the session 1860-61, fifteen meetings had been held, at which 2,922 persons attended, or an average of 195 to each lecture. The receipts of the session had been-for admission of non-members, £18 13s.; ditto, 2506. A. Ford, Battersea-An improved method of forming waterlabouring classes and domestic servants (at 3d. each), £1 13s. 9d.-total, £20 6s. 9d., and this with a rapidly increasing list of members, who are admitted free. During 2527. W. J. Williams, Warnford-court-An improved process of the last month no fewer than thirty-five new members were admitted. The expenses of the session had been—printing and posting lecture bills, £8 8s. 3d.; postage, 12 11s. 6d.; gas and firing, £3 7s. 1d.; (incidentals) 2553. R. C. Furley, Edinburgh-An imp. in coating pills for renderfor furniture, &c., £6 12s.; at lectures, £6 18.-total, £26 19s. 10d. Library and reading-room: issue of books during the past year-tales, 2,068 vols.; biography, 479; travels, 472; poetry, 372; works of reference, 340; history, 254; essays, 219; miscellaneous, 130; science, 99; divinity, 84; natural history, 66-total, 4,523-an in- 2638. F. O. Ward, 6, Hertford-street, Mayfair Imp. in hydraulic crease on the previous year of 861 vols. There were also issued 1,150 monthly parts of serials. The library now numbers 1,306 vols. The sum of £98 14s. 11d. had been expended on the library and reading-room during the Dated 25th October, 1861. Dated 8th November, 1861. machinery for combing, preparing, and spinning cotton and other fibrous substances. 2806. J. Tyler, 62, Pratt-street, Camden-town-Imp. in the manufacture of clarionets. 2667. E. S. Tucker and F. E. Manners, 1, Red Lion-court, Fleet- 2803. B. Dobson and J. Clough, Bolton-le-moors-Certain imp. in street-Imp. in the construction of revolving and moveable surfaces applicable to the exhibition of advertisements, show cases, transparencies, and other like matters at fixed stations. 2676. J. B. Schalkenback, Treves, Rhenish Prussia-A new kind of keyed musical instrument, combining the effects of percussion instruments, or the effect of trumpets, and similar instruments, with the effects of ordinary keyed instruments. Dated 26th October, 1861. 2685. J. Sidebottom, Harewood, near Mottram, Cheshire-Certain 2807. W. Clark, 53, Chancery-lane-Imp. in railway signal apparatus Dated 9th November, 1861. imp. in machinery for making partial tubes for the spindles 2812. M. Morgan, Wellington-street, Strand-An improved gaiter or of spinning and other machines. Dated 30th October, 1861. 2717. R. R. Priestley, Glasgow-Imp. in the manufacture of woven fabrics. 2725. W. Cook, Beaufort-villas, Brixton, and H. Cook, ManchesterImp. in printing telegraphs. Dated 31st October, 1861. covering for the leg. 2813. G. Simpson, Glasgow-Imp. in boring apparatus such as is used for mining purposes. 2814. R. McNair, Glasgow-Imp. in casings for stitching machines, and in adapting the same for writing. 2818. S. W. Campain, Deeping Saint Nicholas, Lincolnshire-Imp. in apparatus for stacking straw and other agricultural produce. 2734. J. A. Fanshawe and J. A. Jaques, Tottenham-Imp. in the 2819. R. A. Brooman, 166, Fleet-street-Imp. in obtaining alkaline means of securing the doors of railway carriages. Dated 1st November, 1861. 2740. E. A. Maling, 25, Whitehead's-grove, Chelsea-Imp. in glass cases for the cultivation of plants and flowers. 2743. B. Mitchell, Greenwich, Kent, and W. Brunton, Penge, Surrey -Imp. in the construction of scissors and shears. Dated 2nd November, 1861. 2752. J. S. Brooks, 1, Cambridge-villas, Mare-street, Hackney-A new or improved back or chest protecting brace or braces. Dated 4th November, 1861. 2767. J. Stewart, Glasgow-Imp. in the manufacture of cards for jacquard weaving. (A com.) 2771. J. Ashley, 13, Grosvenor-place, Bath-Imp. In apparatus for attaching horses to carriages. Dated 5th November, 1861. 2772. R. Wilson, Patricroft, near Manchester-Certain imp. in steam hammers, and in valves applicable to the same and to other steam engines. 2828. G. Leslie, the Mall, Hammersmith-Imp. in pen and writing 2831. G. F. Wilson and G. Payne, Sherwood Works, Battersea- 2833. C. O. Crosby, Bridge-street, Blackfriars-Imp. in the manufacture of pointed trimming, and in the machinery for manufacturing pointed trimming. Dated 12th November, 1861. 2773. J. Livesey, Manchester-Imp. in apparatus for communicating from one part of a railway train to another, and for coupling 2836. J. Davidson, Leek, Staffordshire-Imp. in apparatus for compipes. 2776. C. F. Hayes, Royal Small Arms Factory, Enfeld-Imp. in means or apparatus for generating steam. 2777. R. Fethney, Manchester-Imp. in machinery or apparatus for preparing, spinning, or doubling cotton, silk, and other fibrous materials, parts of which imps. are applicable for winding and other purposes. 2778. R. A. Brooman, 166, Fleet-street-Imp. in steam generators, and in furnaces for the same. (A com.) 2779. E. Bowra, Upper Norwood, Surrey-Imp. in the manufacture 2780. J. B. Love, Philadelphia, U.S.-Imp. in the mode of combining 2783. H. Orth, Wissenbourg, France-An improved soap. Dated 6th November, 1861. 2785. G. Davies, 1, Serle-street, Lincoln's-inn-Imp. in fire-arms and ordnance. (A com.) 2787. A. Prince, 4, Trafalgar-square, Charing Cross-Imp. in furnaces for reducing zine ores. (A com.) 2788. W. Kamsell, Deptford-Imp. in the construction of boats, barges, buoys, and other like structures of metal, and in machinery employed therein. 2789. F. H. Schroder, Hampstead-Imp. in evaporating and in machinery employed therein. Dated 7th November, 1861. 2791. S. Cockett, Blackburn-Imp. in cop tubes. 2795. J. R. Wigham, Capel-street, Dublin-Imp. in apparatus for 2796. S. Lepard, Cloak-lane-Imp. in apparatus for heating and 2799. J. Hancock, Nottingham-Imp. in the manufacture of looped 2801. J. Barrow, Dalton Chemical Works, West Gorton, near Man- |