1738, fol.; Bibliotheca Hispana Nova, Auctore D. Nicolao | might commit. At last, in the year 1517, Luther openly Antonio, recognita, emendata, et aucta, Matriti, 1788, fol.; opposed him, in the celebrated theses which he fixed on Tarich: h. e. Series Regum Persiae ab Ardschir-Babekan, the church-door of Wittemberg. Tezel made a reply in usque ad Jazdigerdem, a Chalifitiis expulsum, authore another set of theses, which however were immediately Wilhelmo Schikard, Tubingae, 1628, 4to.; Persia, seu burnt by the students in the market-place of Wittemberg. Regni Persici Status, Variaque Itinera in atque per Per- Tezel seems to have acted contrary to the intention of siam, Lugd. Batav., 1633, 24mo.) his superiors, and to have gone beyond his instructions, TEXEL, or TESSEL, is an island in the North Sea, at for Karl von Miltitz, who was sent by the pope to settle the northern extremity of the province of North Holland, the disputes which had arisen out of his conduct, reprifrom which it is divided by a channel called the Maas manded him severely. In the year 1518 however Tezel, Diep. Including Eierland, it is 12 miles in length and notwithstanding all this, obtained the degree of Doctor of 6 in breadth. It has a large and secure harbour, and a Divinity at Frankfurt on the Oder. After this event, he commodious roadstead on the east coast. The northern returned to Leipzig to his convent, where he died, in Aupart of the island, called Eierland (i.e. Eggs-land, from the gust, 1519, of the plague, shortly after the celebrated theovast quantity of eggs laid by the sea-gulls), was a separate logical disputation of Eck and Karlstadt. He was buried island till 1629, but is now joined to Texel by a sand-bank. in the church of his convent (the present chapel of the Texel is celebrated for a breed of sheep (50,000) with a university); but there is now no trace of his grave, as that silky kind of wool, and many thousand lambs are annually part of the church which contained his remains was pulled exported to the different provinces of Holland. The in- down in the seventeenth century to make room for some habitants, 5000 in number, make great quantities of a fortifications. [LUTHER.] Compare P. Melanchthonius, green cheese from sheep's milk; many of them are engaged Historia Vitae M. Lutheri, i., p. 153, &c.; Gieseler, Lehrin the oyster fishery. Besides the petty town of Texel buch der neuern Kirchengeschichte, vol. iii., p. 20; Löscher, there are 6 villages in the island. Important naval battles Vollständige Reformations-Acta, ., p. 324; and more have been fought off the coast of this island in 1653, when especially Hechtius, Vita Tezelii. Admiral Blake defeated the Dutch under Van Tromp; in 1673, between the Dutch and the combined English and French fleets, which was a drawn battle; and in 1799, between the English and Dutch fleets, when the latter, being disaffected to the republican government, surrendered without much resistance. THAARUP, THOMAS, a Danish poet and dramatist, highly esteemed by his countrymen as one of the classics in their literature, was the son of an ironmonger at Copenhagen. He was born 21st August, 1749, the very same day as Edward Storm, another poet. This coincidence would hardly deserve notice, if something of the marvel(Hassel, Geography; Stein's Lexicon; Cannabich, Geo-lous had not been founded upon it, it being said that graphy.) Thaarup's mother dreamed that the wife of a clergyman at TEXTILIA, Mr. Swainson's name for a subgenus of Guldbrandsdalen was delivered just at the same time of a CONUS.-Ex., Conus Ammiralis. (Malacology.) TEXTOR. [WEAVER BIRDS.] TEXTULA'RIA. [FORAMINIFERA, vol. x., p. 348.] TEZEL, or TETZEL, JOHANN, a Dominican monk, who lived about the end of the fifteenth and the beginning of the sixteenth century. His name would have been forgotten but for the scandalous manner in which he carried on the traffic in indulgences, which roused the indignation of the better part of his contemporaries, and thus led to the reformation in Germany. He was a native of Leipzig, where he studied theology, and afterwards entered the order of the Dominicans in the Pauliner Kloster. In the year 1502 the pope appointed him preacher of indulgences for Germany. He converted this office into a most lucrative traffic, and is said to have made use of the basest means for the purpose of obtaining money. His conduct too was so bad, that he was condemned at Inspruck to be sewed up in a sack and to be drowned, having been convicted of adultery. But the interference of his superiors caused the sentence to be changed into imprisonment for life. He was accordingly conveyed to Leipzig, and confined in a tower which stood in that city near the Grimmagate (Grimmaer-Thor) until the year 1834, when it was pulled down. He had however not been imprisoned long before he was set at liberty at the request of Albert, archbishop of Mainz, and other ecclesiastical dignitaries. Tezel now made a pilgrimage to Rome, and acted the part of a penitent so well, that Pope Leo X. not only absolved him of his sins, but appointed him commissarius apostolicus in Germany, in addition to which the archbishop of Mainz made him inquisitor haereticae pravitatis. In his capacity of papal commissary he now carried on his traffic in indulgences more impudently than ever. He traversed Saxony in an open carriage, accompanied by attendants, and carrying with him two chests, one of which contained the indulgences, and the other the money raised from their sale. This latter chest is said to have had the following inscription: 'Sobald das geld im kasten klingt, His reputation for sanctity had become so great, that in · son, who would be the rival of her own. If not great, both of them were popular and national poets; and though neither very numerous nor of very great extent, their productions, especially their lyric pieces, earned for them a reputation which does not always fall to the lot of writers of more ambition and of higher pretension. This was more particularly the case with regard to Thaarup, whose three little musical dramas, Höstgildet,' 'Peters Bryllup,' and Hiemkomsten,' are esteemed chefs-d'œuvre of their kind, and the songs and airs were known by heart by every one, and repeated all over Denmark. Their celebrity was not at all less than that of the Beggars' Opera' in this country. After the death of Storm [SCANDINAVIAN LITERATURE, p. 3], Thaarup succeeded him as one of the di rectors of the theatre at Copenhagen, in which situation he remained till 1800. But though he survived Storm a full quarter of a century, Thaarup's literary life did not extend much beyond that of Storm. If he did not en tirely lay aside his pen at the commencement of the present century, all the productions by which he will be remembered had appeared in the preceding one. He continued to reside at Copenhagen, where he died in the summer of 1821. Some of his hymns have been translated into German by Voss. (Skilderic af Kiöbenhavn, 1821; Neue Bibliothek der Schönenwissenchaften, vol. lv.) THA'BET BEŃ KORRAH, an eminent physician, philosopher, and geometrician, whose complete names, as given by Ibn Abi 'Ossaibiah (Fontes Relationum de Classibus Medicorum, cap. 10, § 3), were Abú 'l-Hasan Thabet Ben Korrah. He was born at Harrán in Mesopotamia, A.H. 221 (A.D. 835-6), where he at first carried on the business of a money-changer; he afterwards however went to Bagdad to pursue his studies, which he carried on with so much zeal, that he became one of the most celebrated literary and scientific men of his age. He belonged to the sect of the Sabians, but got entangled in some religious disputes, and was expelled from their communion. In consequence of this he left Harrán, where he had been residing for some time, and went to Bagdad with the celebrated astronomer Mohammed Ben Músa. There he lived in his house, and was introduced by him to Mo'tadhed Billah, sixteenth of the 'Abbaside Khalifs (A.H. 279-289, A.D. 892-902), who appointed him one of his astrologers, and ever afterwards, on account of his acquirements and his pleasing manners, continued on terms of great intimacy with him. He died on the 26th of Safar, A.H. 288 (February 18, A.D. 901), aged sixty-seven lunar, or sixty-five solar years. His sons Senán and Ibrahim, and their de scendants, practised physic with much reputation at Bag. VOL. XXIV.-2 N These, besides the bristle-like processes of the Echiuri, have under their anterior part a slightly corneous disk surrounded with cilia. Example, Sternaspis thalassemoides, Otto, Monog. dad for more than a century after his death. Thábet himself | bottoms on the French coasts, where the fishermen use it appears to have been a very learned man, and also a good as a bait. It is also found on the coasts of Europe gene practical physician, as he tells a story of the way in which rally, and is said to form part of the food of the cod-fish. he restored to life a man that was supposed to be dead. 3. Sternaspis. (Otto.) (Casiri, Biblioth. Arabico-Hisp. Escur., tom. i., p. 389.) He was also a very voluminous author, as the bare titles of his works, as given by the anonymous author of the Arabica Philosophorum Bibliotheca,' take up about two folio pages in Casiri's Catalogue. They consist of mathematical, medical, and zoological treatises, written in Arabic, besides translations into that language of several of the works of Galen, Ptolemy, Autolycus, Euclid, &c. He wrote also several in Syriac, on the religious rites and ceremonies of the Sabians; but none either of these or of his Arabic works have (as far as the writer is aware) been published or translated, though several of them still exist in manu script in some of the European libraries. (Wüstenfeld, Geschichte der Arabischen Aerzte; Casiri, loco cit.; Nicoll and Pusey, Catal. MSS. Arab. Biblioth. Bodl., pp. 257, 295; De Rossi, Dizion. Stor. degli Autori Arabi.) THA'BET BEN SENA'N, the grandson of the preceding, whose names are given by Ibn Abi 'Ossaibiah (Fontes Relationum de Classibus Medicorum, cap. 10, §5) as Abú l-Hasan Thábet Ben Senán Ben Thabet Ben Korrah. He was celebrated, like the other members of his family, as a physician, philosopher, and mathematician, and was superintendant of the hospital at Bagdad during the reign of Al- Motteia, the twenty-third of the 'Abbaside | Khalifs, A.H. 334-363 (a.d. 946-974.) He expounded the writings of Hippocrates and Galen; but his principal work appears to have been a History of his Own Times, from the year A.H. 290 (A.D. 903) to the year of his own death, A.H. 363 (A.D. 973-4), which is highly praised by Abú 1-Faraj (Hist. Compend. Dynast., p. 208), and was continued after his death by his nephew Helál, and by other writers. Dr. Sprenger, in the notes to his translation of El-Mas'údí's Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems,' vol. i., | p. 24, Lond., 8vo., 1841, corrects an anachronism of Haji Khalfa, who ascribes this work to his grandfather Thabet Ben Korrah. (Wüstenfeld, Geschichte der Arabischen Aerzte; Assemani, Bibioth. Orient., vol. ii., p. 317.) THALAMITA. [PORTUNIDAE, vol. xviii., p. 446.] THA'LAMUS (from Jáλauos, the bridal chamber), a botanical term which was applied by Linnæus to the calyx or outer whorl of floral envelopes. Tournefort applied the term to a receptacle that is not fleshy, but surrounded by an involucre. In this sense it is used in common with the terms Clinanthium and Phoranthium. By some writers, as De Candolle, the term is applied to the receptacle of all plants or that point of the rachis or stem around which the floral envelopes are seated. Thus those plants in which the petals and stamens are inserted into the receptacle constitute the first subclass, Thalamifloræ, of the Exogens, in De Candolle's natural arrangement of plants. Thalamus is also used in Cryptogamic botany, in common with Thallus, to express the bed of fibres from which many fungi spring up. It is also improperly used by some writers to indicate the shields or apothecia of lichens. In fact it is a term that has been applied in so many cases where others are used, that it is desirable it should be altogether dispensed with, or only used in a very obvious sense. THALA'SSEMA, Cuvier's name for a genus of footless Echinoderms (Echinodermes sans pieds), placed by him immediately after BONELLIA, and thus defined by him :Body oval or oblong, with the proboscis in form of a reflected lamina or spoon, but not forked. The intestinal canal is similar to that of Bonellia. But one abdominal filament had been discovered. The genus is divided by Cuvier into the following sections or subgenera : 1. The Thalassemæ properly so called. These have only two hooks placed very forward, and their posterior extremity has no bristle-like processes (soies). Example, Thalassema Neptuni, Lumbricus Thalassema of Pallas, Spicil. Zool., fasc. x., tab. 1, fig. 6. 2. The Echiuri, whose posterior extremity is furnished with some transversal rows of bristle-like processes. Example, Echiurus Lumbricus, Lumbricus Echiurus, Gm.,—Pall., Miscell. Zool., xi. 1-6. Common on sandy SEMA. N.B. Cuvier states that a new examination of the anatomy of the Thalassema had demonstrated to him that the place which he had assigned to them was the true one, THALA'SSEUS, Boie's name for one of the TERNS. THALASSIANTHUS, M. Rüppel's name for a genus of Actinidæ, familiarly known as animal-flowers, with ramified tentacula. [ACTINIA; ZOANTHARIA.] THALASSI'DROMA. [PETRELS, vol. xviii., p. 43.] THALASSI'NA. [THALASSINIANS.] N.B. The stu dent should be careful not to confound the crustaceous genus Thalassina with the echinodermatous THALASTHALASSINIANS. The genus Thalassina of Latreille consists of those macrurous decapods which have the four anterior feet terminated by two fingers; the foliations of the lateral fins of the end of the tail narrow and elongated, without ridges; and the last segment of the tail, or the intermediate piece, in the form of an elongated triangle. Sometimes the four anterior feet, or the two first feet and one of the second, are terminated by two elongated fingers, forming a claw perfectly. The two anterior feet are the longest; the lateral foliations of the fin terminating the tail are in the form of a reversed tnongle, or widest at the posterior border; the intermediate pièce, on the con trary, narrows from the base to the termination, and ends in a point. M. Milne Edwards arranges the family of Thalassiniant, or Burrowing Macrura, between the Scyllarians and the Astacians. The Crustacea of which this small but interesting family are composed resemble each other in appearance, and are remarkable for the extreme elongation of their abdomen and the small degree of consistence of their integuments. Family Character.-Carapace small, and very much compressed laterally; terminated, generally, in front by a very short rostrum, but sometimes entirely without one. Eyes ordinarily very small. Internal antennæ terminated by two multi-articulate filaments; the external ones inserted externally and a little below the first; their pe duncle slender, cylindrical, and without a spinimiform lamina, carries at most only one very small moveable spine, which represents that appendage. Disposition of the parts of the mouth variable. Sternum nearly linear throughout its length, and not constituting a plastron. Anterior feet large, more or less completely didactylous and triangular; the next pair raised on each side of the thorax. Abdomen very long, and, in general, very narrow; rather depressed vertically than compressed laterally; the lateral borders of the dorsal arch of its various rings are but little prolonged, and do not incase the base of the false feet as in the SHRIMPS, nor does the abdomen itself diminish much in size towards its posterior part. The structure of its appendages varies. The disposition of the respiratory apparatus varies also; sometimes it only exists, as it ordinarily does in the Decapods, as thoracic branchiæ, enclosed under the carapace in special cavities; sometimes, on the contrary, there are, besides those thoracic branchiæ, accessory branchial appendages suspended under the abdomen and affixed to the false feet. Upon this important difference, M. Milne Edwards, who is the author of the character given above, founds his division of the family into two tribes, the Cryptobranchids and the Gastrobranchids. 1. Cryptobranchids. Under this group M. Milne Edwards arranges all the Thalassinians which are without respiratory appendages suspended under the abdomen. Their branchia are in general composed of cylinders, united after the manner of a brush. All the species whose habits are known live in the sand, in which they burrow deeply. The following genera belong to this tribe :-Glaucothoe; Callianassa; Axia; Gebia; and Thalassina. Glaucothoe. (Edwards.) Generic Character.-Carapace nearly ovoid, and without any rostriform prolongation. Eyes projecting, large, and nearly pyriform. Internal antennæ short, cylindrical, and t I L G C a 2 1 and uncinata; and he adds that Callianassa major of Say seems to be distinguished from the two preceding species. Axia. (Leach.) Generic Character.-Carapace very much compressed, and terminated anteriorly by a small triangular rostrum. Ocular peduncles very small, cylindrical, and terminated by a hemispherical cornea. Terminal filaments of the internal antennæ nearly of the length of the carapace. Peduncle of the external antennae having above a small moveable spine which represents the great lamellar palp observable in the Shrimps. External jaw-feet slender and pediform. Anterior feet compressed, and terminated by a well-formed claw; carpus small. Second pair of feet nearly lamellar, and equally didactylous. The three next pairs monodactylous. Abdomen slightly convex towards the middle, and terminating in a great fin, the five blades of which are nearly of the same length. First ring of the abdomen carrying a rudimentary pair of false feet, and the four succeeding rings provided each with a pair of very well-developed natatory false feet, each composed of short and stout peduncle, which at its extremity carries a small styliform appendage within, and externally two great oval, very large blades, which are ciliated on the borders. (M. E.) bent (coudées), as in Pagurus; the third joint of their peduncle the longest, and carrying at its extremity two small multiarticulate appendages, which are very short and rather stout, one of which is furnished with many long hairs. External antennæ inserted lower than the preceding, their peduncle bent, and presenting above a small scale, the vestige of a palp. External jaw-feet pediform. The last thoracic ring not anchylosed to the preceding. Anterior feet terminated by a stout, didactylous, wellformed hand: they are of very different sizes. Second and third pairs slender and very long: the two last pairs, on the contrary, short and elevated against the sides of the body, as in the Paguri; the fourth pair are flattened, rather large, and imperfectly didactylous, the immoveable finger of their hand being only formed by a slightly projecting tubercle; the posterior feet, still smaller than the last, are terminated by a small didactylous rather wellformed hand. The abdomen is narrow, elongated, and perfectly symmetrical: the first ring, much narrower than the succeeding ones, has no appendages; the four next segments, on the contrary, each give attachment to one pair of rather large false natatory feet, formed by a cylindrical basilary joint and two terminal blades, one of which is very small and obtuse, and the other large, pointed at the end, and bordered with long ciliary hairs. Caudal fin M. Milne Edwards observes that this genus much remoderate in size; the middle blade, formed by the seventh sembles Callianassa and Gebia, and he records the only abdominal segment, is rounded and ciliated, and the ex-known species, Axia Stirhynchus. Its length is about ternal blades are much longer than the middle ones. three inches, and it inhabits the coasts of France and Eng(M. E.) land. M. Milne Edwards observes that this genus establishes the passage between the Pagurians and Callianassa. Example, Glaucothoe Peronii, the only species known. Its integuments have little solidity, its carapace is smooth, and its length 8 lines. M. Milne Edwards states that it appears to inhabit the seas of Asia. He is of opinion that Latreille's genus Prophylax approximates closely to Glaucothoe, and ought not perhaps to be distinguished from it: if so Latreille's name has the priority. The latter placed his genus among the Paguri, but after the publication of M. Milne Edwards's Glaucot höe, was uncertain, according to M. Edwards, whether these two generic divisions should not be united. Callianassa. (Leach.) See the article: but the student should refer to the accurate and elaborate description and figures of M. Milne Edwards, who records two species:-Callianassa subterranea Gebia. (Gebios and Thalassina, Risso; Gebia and Generic Character.-Carapace terminating anteriorly by a triangular rostrum, and sufficiently large to cover the eyes almost entirely; on each side of its base is a tooth, which is continued with a crest, and forms the lateral border of the upper surface of the stomachal region. Internal antennæ very short, but nevertheless their terminal filaments are longer than their peduncle. External antennæ very slender, and presenting at their base no vestige of a moveable scale. External jaw-feet pediform. Anterior feet narrow, terminated by an elongated and imperfectly subcheliform hand: their moveable finger is very large, and in bending downwards its base is applied against the anterior border of the hand, the lower angle of which is prolonged so as to constitute a tooth performing the office of the immoveable finger. The feet next in succession are compressed and monodactyle; the second pair have their penultimate joint large, widened, and ciliated below; the succeeding pairs are more slender. Abdomen long and much narrower at its base than towards its middle, depressed and terminating by a large fin, whose four lateral blades are foliaceous and very wide. First abdominal ring with two pairs of very small filiform appendages; the four next segments giving origin to three pairs of false natatory feet, composed of a stout and short peduncle, and two oval blades with strongly ciliated borders: the external one very large, and the other very small. Branchie brush-like and fixed on two rows, namely, one above the second foot, and two above the four anterior feet and the external jaw-feet. (M.E.) Example, Gebia stellata. Length 1 inch. Locality.-Coasts of England. M. Milne Edwards states that this species comes very near to Gebia littoralis. M. Milne Edwards observes that the Gebice establish the passage between the Thalassine and the Axia, which last they resemble in the general form of the body and disposi tion of the caudal fin, whilst they approach the first by the conformation of the feet. Gebia stellata. a, intermediate antenna; b, base of an external antenna. Thalassina. (Latreille.) Generic Character.-Carapace short, narrow, and very much elevated. Stomachal region small and limited backwards by a deep furrow. Cardial and intestinal regions equally separated from the branchial regions, and representing by their junction a triangle, the apex of which is directed backwards. Front armed with a small triangular rostrum. Eyes small and cylindrical. Internal antennæ inserted above those organs; their peduncle of moderate size, and their terminal filaments slender and unequal, the longest about thrice the length of the peduncle. External antennæ very small, their peduncle cylindrical, hardly reaching beyond the rostrum, and presenting above no vestige of appendages. External jaw-feet moderate and pediform, their second joint armed with spiniform teeth on its internal surface, and nearly of the same form as the succeeding ones. First pair of feet narrow and moderately elongated, but rather robust; they are unequal, and the hand which terminates them presents at its anterior and lower angle a more or less strong tooth, which represents an immoveable finger, against which the base of the moveable finger, which is very large, is bent back. Second pair of feet very much compressed, and rather wide; their penultimate joint especially is large and ciliated below. The succeeding feet have nearly the same form, but they are narrower, and less and less compressed. Abdomen very long, narrow, semicylindrical, and nearly of the same size throughout its length. Terminal fin small; the two pairs f lateral blades, formed by members of the sixth ring, nearly linear. False feet fixed to the four middle rings of the abdomen; they are very slender, and composed of a cylindrical and elongated peduncle carrying two more or less ciliated multiarticulate filaments. (M. E.) Example, Thalassina scorpionides. Length about six inches. Colour brownish. division differ, he remarks, but very little from the first, and the conformation of their thoracic branchiæ does not permit their separation from the macrurous decapods, nor their distant removal from the Thalassinians; but they have respiratory appendages fixed to their abdominal false-feet, exhibiting the greatest analogy with the ramose branchia of the STOMAPODS. The type of this group, according to M. Milne Edwards, is a small crustacean, to which he gives the generic name Callianidea; but he also arranges in this same division the genus Isea of M. Guerin, under the name of Callianissa, for he thinks that he perceives in this last an analogous mode of organization. If, he observes, the characters as signed to it by M. Guerin be exact, it would be difficult to place this new genus here, and it ought to be approximated to the Pagurians; but it appears very probable to M. Milne Edwards that there has been some error of observation, and that in reality the Isea and Callianidee differ but very little. These crustaceans, M. Milne Edwards observes, have all a very small oval thorax compressed laterally their abdomen, on the contrary, is extremely long and slender. The disposition of the eyes and the antennæ is nearly the same as in Callianassa. The external jaw-feet are pediform, and carry externally a slender and multiarticulate palp. The two first pairs of feet are didactylous; the anterior pair are long, very unequal, and terminated by a stout compressed hand; the second are small and very delicate; the third are enlarged towards the end nearly as in Callianassa, and terminated by a very short tarsus, forming, with a tubercle of the preceding joint, an imperfect claw. The fourth pair of feet are slender and monodactyle; and the fifth pair, small in dimension, are thrown backwards. As in the Crpytobranchids, the abdomen is very long, sufficiently soft, and composed of nearly equal rings, of which the dorsal arch is not prolonged below so as to incase the base of the false feet. The caudal fin offers nothing remarkable; but the false feet, inserted at its lower surface, are furnished with a multitude of branched filaments, which have a structure very analogous to that of branchiæ, and which cer tainly must be destined to concur in the work of respiration. M. Milne Edwards concludes by observing that this tribe comprehends two genera, one of which appears to him to be too imperfectly known to be conveniently characterized. Callianidea. (Edwards.) Generic Character.-Body very delicate, slender, and elongated. Carapace hardly a third of the length of the abdomen, and not covering the last thoracic ring, compressed and rather elevated, its lower border applied ex actly against the base of the four first pairs of feet. No rostrum, and the anterior border of the carapace notched on each side of the median line for the reception of the base of the eyes, whose peduncles are very short, and formed as in the Callianassa. Four antenne, slender and inserted nearly on the same transversal line; the first pair terminated by two filaments nearly equal in length, one of which however is the largest, and slightly convex towards the end. Appendages of the mouth very small, occupying but little space; mandibles hardly differing from those of Callianassa; valvular appendage of the second pair of jas very small; external jaw-feet slender and pediform, their second joint furnished internally with a row of dentiform tubercles covered with hairs, and with their three last joints very much elongated. Sternum linear throughout its ex tent. First pair of feet long, and one of them very stout, with the terminating hand very large, and nearly of the same form as in Callianassa, except that the carpus smaller. The two succeeding pairs of feet are small and flattened; the fourth pair nearly cylindrical, and their ba silary joint very much enlarged. Fifth pair nearly as large as the fourth, and terminating in an imperfect rudimentary claw. Abdomen composed as ordinarily of seven segments, nearly of the same size throughout, and carrying beneath five pairs of false-feet: of these the first are reduced to a simple, narrow blade slightly ciliated at the end, but the four succeeding pairs have a very remarkable conformation. mine, two of which are very large and one very small on A peduncle is to be distinguished and three terminal lathe edge of the preceding ones; all round the border of the row of cylinders, each of which gives origin to two smaller great laminæ a kind of tufted fringe is found, composed of filaments, which again in their turn are bifurcated nearly in the same manner as the branchial filaments of the Squille are divided. The five blades of which the caudal a is fin is composed are wide and rounded. The thoracic branchia are enclosed as ordinarily in the carapace, and are each composed of cylinders ranged in parallel order on a stem, nearly as in the lobsters, only these organs and filaments are less numerous, and the branchiæ themselves very small. There are only ten on each side of the body. (M. E.) Example, Callianidea typa. Length about 10 lines. Locality.-Coasts of New Ireland, where it was found by MM. Quoy and Gaimard. d Callianidea typa, magnified. a, antenna of the first pair; b, external jaw-foot; c, extremity of one of the posterior feet; d, abdominal false feet, first pair; e, false feet of one of the four succeeding pairs; f, marginal fringe of those false feet. So much doubt exists relative to the genus Isea, Guerin, Callianisea, M. Edwards, that we think we should not be justified in occupying space with the very long and elaborate description of M. Guerin, and the acute criticisms of M. Milne Edwards, who observes that Isea, having been previously employed to designate another crustaceous animal, cannot be retained. M. Guerin's description will be found in the Annales de la Société Entomologique de France,' tom. i., p. 295; and also in M. Milne Edwards's Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés,' tom. ii., p. 322. But though our imits do not permit the insertion of the details, they should be carefully perused by the student, for they are highly interesting and instructive. FOSSIL THALASSINIANS. M. Milne Edwards states that the crustaceous fossil found in the chalk formation of Maastricht, and figured by M. Desmarest under the name of Pagurus Faujasii, belongs to the genus Callianassa. THALASSIO'RNIS, Mr. Eyton's name for one of the ducks (Clangula, Smith), subfamily Erismaturinæ. THA! ASSIOPHYTES (literally sea-plants,' from Aaosa and púrov) is the name given by Lamouroux to designate the vegetable productions of the ocean and of its rocks and shores. It is equivalent to the term Hydrophytes of Lingbye, and the plants described by Agardh as Marine Algæ. This division of the vegetable kingdom comprehends, in Lamouroux's system, six orders, viz., Fucaceæ, Florideæ, Dictyoteæ, Ulvacea, Aphlomideæ, and Phlomideæ. [SEA-WEEDS; ULVACEE.] THALES (as) was a native of Miletus, one of the chief cities of Ionia, and descended from a Phoenician family. Apollodorus, as quoted by Diogenes Laertius, fixes the year of his birth in the first year of the 35th Olympiad, or B.C. 640. Herodotus (i. 74) says that Thales the Milesian predicted the year of the great eclipse which took place while the armies of Cyaxares and Alyattes king of Lydia were engaged in battle. Alyattes became king of Lydia in B.C. 617. Herodotus also says (i. 75) that Thales was in the army of Croesus at the time of the battle of Pterie between Croesus and Cyrus B.C. 547 or 546; at which time he would be ninety-four years old, if the date of his birth is correctly given by Apollodorus. There was a general tradition that he lived to a great age; and Lucian states that Solon, Thales, and Pittacus all lived to be a hundred years old. (On the subject of the eclipse see the article ALYATTES, and Oltmanns, Abhandlungen der Akad, Berlin. 1812-13.) In the Life of Thales by Diogenes we find numerous traditions attached to his name, the value of which it is somewhat difficult to estimate. Thales is enumerated among the Seven Wise Men, whose wisdom was not the theoretical wisdom of philosophers, but the wisdom of actua. life. [BIAS.] Accordingly we find that Thales took an active part in the political affairs of his native country. Before Ionia fell under the Persian yoke, he advised the Ionians to have one common council, and to establish it at Teos, for Teos was in the centre of Ionia; and he further suggested that all the other Ionian states should be reduced to the condition of parts dependent on the government at Teos. Such a scheme, if carried into effect, might have checked the progress of the Persian_arms (Herod., i. 170.) Later writers say that he visited Egypt and Crete in order to improve his knowledge, and that he derived from Egypt his acquaintance with mathematics. There seems no reason for thinking that Thales left any writings. Aristotle at least was not acquainted with any philosophical writings by Thales. Various sayings of Thales are recorded: they are of that sententious character which belongs to the proverb, and they embody truths such as the general experience of mankind recognises; and for this reason they cannot safely be considered as the product of any one mind. Thales is generally considered the founder of the Ionian school; but it is perhaps hardly proper to consider him in any sense as the founder of a school. [IONIAN SCHOOL.] His traditional reputation rested on his physical discoveries and his philosophical speculations. He is said to have been the first astronomer (among the Greeks) who predicted eclipses; and to have discovered the passage (rapodos) from tropic to tropic, or, in other words, to have laid down the sun's orbit; and to have fixed the length of the year at 365 days. He determined the magnitude of the sun to be 720 times that of the moon; which is apparently the true version of the corrupt passage in Diogenes. His knowledge of geometry was said to be derived from Egypt, and Pamphila attibutes to him the discovery of the right-angled triangle of the circle (Tрwтоv Kaтaypávaι Kúкλov тò Tрiyvov optoyúvoy), which probably means the demonstration that the angle in a semicircle is a right angle, a discovery attributed also to Pythagoras. Hieronymus says that he measured the height of the pyramids of Egypt by observing the shadow which an object cast when it was of the same length as the height of the object. The philosophical speculations of Thales, like the earliest efforts of philosophers in all countries, were an attempt to solve the problem that admits of no solution-the real nature,of the universe. He is considered by modern writers as the originator of the dynamic philosophy, the nature of which, as opposed to the mechanical, is explained in the article IONIAN SCHOOL. Aristotle (Metaph., i. 3) has explained in a short passage the general doctrine of Thales: 'There must be,' observes Aristotle, 'some Nature (pios), either one, or more than one, to which all other things owe their origin, this one still subsisting. The number however and the character of such a first principle are not conceived by all in the same way. Thales, the founder of this philosophy, says it is water, and accordingly he taught that even the earth reposes on water, founding this notion probably on the observation that the nourishment of all things is moist, and that heat itself proceeds from water, and that animals live by it: but that from which things come is the origin of all things. He was thus led to this notion, and also by observing that the seeds of all things have a moist nature, and that water is the origin of their nature to all moist things.' Thus the universe contained an active principle by the power of which all things were developed. He considered that the magnet had life, because it attracted iron. The universe then was pervaded by life, or, as Thales expressed it, 'full of gods' (návra λion Jewv). The doctrine of Thales bears some resemblance to systems that have been promulgated in modern times, which have been viewed as atheistical. The assumption of an active power, such as gravitation for instance (though it is not here meant to affirm that gravitation has ever been viewed as a power sufficient for the production and conservation of all things), which is sufficient to maintain all things in a permanent condition (changes such as we observe in limited portions of time and being only continued developments), may be viewed as an hypothesis |