to have an Exhibition of contrivances and appliances for workmen find a difficulty in adopting any new mode of making the practice of handicrafts more healthy. What manufacture; they cannot manage new-fangled machines; they expect to be sent to the Exhibition are, in short, means and, moreover, they can teach their apprentices only in the for working with less injury to the body than at present. way they have learned themselves. Now, if into industrial Machinery of all sorts may appear, the express object of schools improved modes of working could be introduced, which is to guard against the myriads of accidents I spoke more conducive to the health of the artisan, it is clear of, and save lives in numbers to be calculated statistically. that a publicity would be given to them which would inImproved hand-tools will be a very valuable department; sure a reception proportioned to their efficiency. As an adzes which will not divide carpenters' shins, boot-trees illustration of this, derived from the same trade I have which will not obliterate coblers' digestions, &c., may be before mentioned, Mr. Sparks Hall intends to send to the shown to those most interested in using them. Safer Educational Exhibition a shoemaking machine proposed ladders, scaffolding, chairs for window-cleaning, buckets for use at Industrial Schools, and which will obviate the for lowering men into wells, mines, &c., will save multi- evils of the present unwholesome fashion of sitting. tudes of industrious souls, if the invention of them can be Another means of advancing Industrial Pathology stimulated. Another most important path of discovery which has been adopted is that of inviting from all classes is the inventing of substitutes for substances chemically-by means of a general circular-information as to occunoxious, such as lead, quicksilver, phosphorus, arsenic, pations found injurious. This information is intended the strong mineral acids and alkalies; or modes of render- for the guidance of the Committee and of the Council in ing their noxious qualities harmless, such, for instance, as their future proceedings. fixing the putrid fumes of decaying matters preserved for manure or making leather. Another interesting department will be that of guards for the organs of sense of the individual workman-I mean such as will not interfere at all with present modes of manufacture, but will simply defend the artizan from the injuries it entails. As examples I have placed on the table a few articles referrible to this class sent to us by Mr. Pillischer, of Bondstreet. They consist of defences for the Eyes against the effect of light, and mechanical injury; and if a third of the contrivances that are furnished to us are as simple and rational as these, we shall indeed be fortunate. Improved dresses for particular occupations may furnish another department. Defences against injury by animals, such as safer harness, dog muzzles, &c., would prevent many an accident to a domestic servant and working man. Such are a few examples of the sort of inventions which the Council trust will be sent for exhibition; and, considering the position we hold as the friend-equally and impartially of master and workman; considering our standing with the public, and our widely-extended connection with the manufacturing classes by means of the Institutes in Union, they have a right to expect many more than they themselves can name or suggest. I began by saying that the subject of Industrial Pathology was not new to the Society of Arts; and it is a fact that during the early part of this century there was nothing received so much of their attention. Their plan then was to offer premiums for the discovery of definitely-fixed desiderata, and among those announced I find no class more numerous than appliances to guard against the injurious effects of trades. Premiums were not only announced but extensively claimed and bestowed. As an instance of the large scale on which this was done, I will mention the attention given to one limited class, the shoemakers. I find between the years 1804 and 1817, no less than five mechanical contrivances for enabling shoemakers to work standing, and without pressing on the stomach, were rewarded with premiums and engraved in the "Transactions." I may mention, too, that during the present year a most ingenious apparatus has been exhibited in this room by Dr. Stenhouse, for guarding the mouth from chemical fumes, noxious effluvia, and miasmata. It is a layer of charcoal in a respirator, assisted by which you may inhale air saturated with strong ammonia, sulphuretted hydrogen, chlorine, &c., without harm. But the giving of premiums and engraving in the Transactions does not make these matters sufficiently public to secure them a trial; they cannot be said to have failed, for, I believe, they have not been used by any but the original inventors. Exhibition will afford to the inventor, what he values more than premiums and medals, the opening of a market for his goods-in fact a cheap and strictly honourable mode of advertisement. I think, too, that an exhibition may be of advantage by connecting this science with that of education. Adult This Thirdly, as a focus of continual advancement, it is proposed also that there should be framed annually, under the superintendance of the Committee, a Report, as detailed and explicit as circumstances will permit, on some one or more special subject or division of Industrial Pathology. One year, for instance, they propose to take up "dusty trades," to collect and arrange information concerning the lives and health of millers, grinders, cotton-spinners, &c. Another year, they may investigate the causes of " falls,"-the breaking of ladders, scaffolding, ropes, and so on. year, as a beginning, they have invited answers to a circular concerning "injuries to the eyes;" and if one may judge from some of the answers already sent in, a most interesting report may be made upon them. I may mention especially, among communications which have come to hand within the last few days, a very full report from Mr. White Cooper, the well known ophthalmic surgeon, illustrated with drawings of inventions for defending the eyes; another similar one, containing much additional information, from Mr. Dixon; a paper of statistics from Mr. Hewett, registrar to St. Mary's Hos pital; a most interesting paper by a journeyman shoemaker, named Devlin, the suggestions in which are doubly valuable as coming from one who has himself felt the evils; it is on the eye diseases of shoemakers, and I wish I had time to quote some of its original observations. Other working men who have sent answers are glass workers and grinders. We have some valuable matter from Sheffield, about steel grinding. Mr. Cousens, from the north of China, tells us of some habits of Chinese embroideresses, most worthy of imitation. There is a large bundle of others, as yet imperfectly examined, very likely equally valuable; but I think you have here an earnest that the public are ready and willing to make us the mouth-piece of their patriotic communications to one another, and you have heard enough to justify us in proceeding with our plan. We feel sure that the body of information now lying dormant has only to be made public in an energetic and judicious manner, and acted upon, to raise the condition of our working classes, and, through them, of our whole country, higher than has ever been deemed possible. Such, then, are the modes proposed by the Council for helping forward this cause. 1 do not say others may not be additionally employed; but I do think that from this seed, and with this farming, a crop that will do us credit is to be anticipated. The second paper read was ON THE PATHOLOGY OF MINERS. I may be allowed to express my regret at being unavoidably prevented from being a listener to the important paper of Dr. Chambers on Industrial Pathology, and to thank you for your invitation to me to offer some remarks on a branch of the subject which must send an appeal home to every philanthropist, but which has in this The destruction of life from accidents in mines generally is small, however, compared with the injuries and the shortening of life inflicted by the want of sufficient ventilation and other minor causes. The talented gentle men who reported to Lord Ashley's Commission give nearly the same estimate of the number of years by which life is thus shortened. Several eminent members of the Royal Cornwall Polytechnic Society corroborate these statements by a variety of observations, and so far as can be ascertained from these and such statistics and other means of informa-tion which I have had access to, there is every probability that the lives of the miners in the majority of coal mines, in the iron, tin, copper, and lead mines, are shortened from 12 to 15 years on an average, by causes which are in a very great measure removable. In other words, the lives of 300,000 miners are shortened by one-third. I leave to others to consider the scarcity of labour, the rise in wages, the loss to the mining parishes, and the loss to the community at large. One of the commonest drawbacks in mining is the loss of time which occurs from the denseness of the smoke which hangs near a working face after a shot has been fired. Frequently in summer, when ventilation stagnates or reverses, candles will not burn unless held sideways, mines or parts of mines have to be abandoned for days and weeks, and men will sometimes work in the dark. The air is loaded with the products of the decomposition of the timber used in supporting the rock, and of the animal matters in the mine. When horses are used underground, the stable is commonly close to the ingoing air, so that the workmen are each visited in turn by any poisonous exhalations which arise. Mineral substances by spontaneous decomposition give off a variety of gases. Carbonic acid and sulphuretted hydrogen are common, and I have even found incrustations formed of sulphate of zinc an inch thick. These evils may be removed by an increased ventilation, and one which may be readily carried out in any and every mine, whatever be its nature or extent. Those persons who have tried it, and I may instance the managers of a great number of fire-damp mines, are unanimous in agreeing that it may be effected with economy. In some mines, where the ventilation has been improved, the men will acknowledge they can do onefourth more work. I will give one instance of the effect of ventilation. At the United Mines, in Cornwall, last year, there were three sets of men driving a level at a cost of £17 a fathom; the temperature was 105, and the men were changed every 5 minutes. I was told that 20 minutes' stay in this air would kill a person. At the request of Mr. Michael Williams, M.P., I visited the mine, and pointed out how a quantity of air might be introduced sufficient to reduce the temperature to 70%, or less. The chief cautions I gave were, to keep the aircourse of nearly uniform size, and stop up all leaks by which the air might be lost, before it got into the working face. The temperature has been since reduced to 75°, and the level was costing 5l., per fathom instead of 177., when I last heard of it two months ago. I have endeavoured in my remarks to illustrate the great importance of directing public attention to the pathology of miners; to enter into particulars of the kinds of accidents or diseases would be trespassing on your time on the present occasion. I shall have great satisfaction in following the path marked out by Dr. Chambers and the Committee in their Report to the Society, as I feel that the best and most legitimate way of effecting improvements is to enlist the interest, sympathy and support of public opinion. DISCUSSION. Mr. JOHN SIMON, who rose at the invitation of the chairman, said, he was not prepared to make any lengthened observations on the subject, but he was glad to have the opportunity of expressing his deep obligations to Dr. Chambers, for the very admirable paper he had laid before them. In looking over the papers sent in, in answer to the Circular issued by the Industrial Pathology Committee, two facts had strongly presented themselves to his mind, the heavy responsibility that rested upon them, to endeayour to discover the causes of the various diseases alluded to, and the large amount of suffering and misery which existed through the non-adoption of remedies which were immediately at hand for some of those diseases. For instance, on the subject of the eyesight, Mr. Dixon, than whom there was probably no gentleman in the country better qualified to give an opinion, spoke of the blindness of compositors, caused by the unsteadiness of the light by which they worked. Now that was in a great measure caused by the want of chimnies to their lamps a want which could be remedied for sixpence. It therefore appeared to him something quite monstrous and inconsistent with common sense, that they were not universally adopted. He felt that the Society of Arts had very properly taken up the subject, for he was sure, when compositors knew what was the cause of their blindness, and how easy was the remedy-they would not run the risk of being reduced to penury and pauperism by the want of chimnies to their lamps. There was another matter which had struck him during the reading of Dr. Chambers' paper, when he alluded to that ugly jaw-bone which had once belonged to a maker of lucifer matches. He was sure that few persons knew the dangers to which such persons were exposed, and that it was only for the Society to call attention to them for remedies to be found. He was not prepared to state what were the remedies for the destructive disease caused by phosphorous, but he might observe that there had lately been discovered a trifling chemical modification of it, called allotropic phosphorous, which answered most of the purposes of the genuine article, and would not affect the jaws as the more volatile matter did. The course the Society of Arts proposed to take in diffusing information with regard to these evils must do a great deal of good, as he felt assured that, were the special diseases of artisans generally known, remedies for many of them would at once be suggested. Mr. WHITE COOPER had had but too many opportunities of seeing the sad effects arising from the abuse of the eyes among the working classes; the unsteadiness of the lights which had been alluded to, was one, but by no means the only cause of the injurious effects of artificial light upon the eyes; natural light-the light of day-was composed of red, yellow, and blue rays in definite proportions (that was, red 5, yellow 3, blue S), whereas artificial light always exhibited a greater or less preponderance of the red and yellow, the rays which were most stimulating and most injurious to the eyes. This, however, might be easily overcome by simple contrivances, to absorb the pernicious rays, or improve the light by adding those which were deficient. Glass chimnies for lamps might with advantage be tinged of a pale blue; shades to surround the lights might be coloured on the inner side with the same hue, but this should always be flat,' not brightly varnished, as was generally the case, whereby an excess of light causing glare was reflected down upon the object. Again, the rays from the lamp might be advantageously passed through water tinged with pale blue (ammoniuret of copper being the proper colouring material), for certain descriptions of work, as wood engraving, by which means the colour of the light would be improved, and much of the heat arrested. Again, much of the injury to the eyes of those who worked by artificial light arose from the bad position of the lights, which in a great majority of instances were placed in front of the eyes. This was the worst possible position, for the eyes were then exposed not only to the full glare but to the heat flowing from the flames. A very simple arrangement would amend this. The lights should always be so placed that the objects to be discerned could be thoroughly illuminated, but the eyes kept in the shade, which could be managed by having the light placed either above the head, or, better still, rather behind and a little to one side; the eyes would then be perfectly protected, and the amount of comfort obtained by the alteration very great. Such points as had been mentioned might appear comparatively trifling, but in reality they were of grave importance, and general attention to them would benefit not only the working classes but all who had occasion to use their eyes much. He would not detain the meeting by offering any further observations, but he must express his opinion that the enquiry set on foot by the Society of Arts could not be too highly estimated, and no doubt many would be found who would enlighten the community with the results of thei experience. Mr. G. F. WILSON feared he could add but very little to the information contained in the very able paper that had been read, as in the industrial occupations he was most familiar with there were, happily, no trade diseases. In glue making, and other trades of that class referred to by Dr. Chambers, where injurious smells were given off, he believed that the evil might be greatly lessened, if, instead of in the present open vessels, the manufactures were carried on in closed vessels, furnished with a pipe through which the unwholesome gases should pass into a vessel, in which they were exposed to the action of a small quantity of chlorine or other disinfectants. In connection with what had been said of occupations injurious to the eyes, he might state that some of their boys whom they had had to teach to mould glass with the blow-pipe, suffered in their eyes, until blue spectacles effectually prevented the bad effect of the glare. Mr. HUGO REID bore testimony to the extreme value of the subject brought under their notice by Dr. Chambers, and the strong necessity which existed for their doing all in their power to improve the condition of the workman. There was one class of labourers, however, to whose position he wished particularly to direct attention, though their labour was not that of a handicraftsman, nor was it altogether bodily,-he alluded to teachers. They had to labour both mentally and bodily throughout the day, and very often also by night, in rooms which too generally were altogether deficient in ventilation, though they all knew how important that was to health. The consequence was, that teachers were subject to a disease which was well known in some parts of the country as the "parsons' throat,” and he knew a case where the medical man declared the patient never could recover whilst he continued to give instruction in a tepid, unventilated room. In other cases the rooms were so large and lofty that the teacher could not be heard at all unless he exerted himself very much, and thereby caused undue exhaustion. Another evil was the teaching different classes in the same room, which caused the teacher to roar to make himself heard over the confusion by which he was surrounded, and which was altogether destructive of that quietness, order, and discipline which ought properly to exist in the school-room. Besides, the teacher of the present day was compelled to exert himself more than formerly, because he was required to convey instruction to his pupils without the aid of corporal punishment, by which (without entering into the vexed question) he might be allowed to say the labours of the teacher were greatly increased. Again, 30 or 40 years ago the teacher was expected to know very little in comparison with the varied acquirements now required of him, and he hoped the Society and the Committee just appointed, would not lose sight, in their investigation, of so important a subject as the health of the teacher. Mr. HOPWOOD might be allowed to observe, that it appeared to him, that the great cause of many of the evils alluded to was the want of a sense of moral responsibility on the part of the workman for the preservation of his health. He believed that it was by showing those parties that by not taking proper precautions against the diseases to which they were liable, and on which not only their own interests but those of their wives and families depended, they were neglecting a duty to their families and to society, that these remedies would be best attended to. Men were too apt to be reckless of health when they thought only of themselves, but it would be otherwise if they could be brought to a sense of their moral obligations. Thus, a man having the control of a railway train, from a want of that sense of obligation in looking about him, caused a collision, which might be fatal not only to himself, but to many others; and a stone-cutter, who prepared stones for the whetting of scythes, &c., became entombed by the stone giving way, through the want of common wooden stubbs to prevent it doing so. He thought the subject altogether highly important, and that they were deeply indebted to the Society for the opportunity of calling attention to it. Mr. VARLEY said that, in order to lessen the evils which had been alluded to, he would recommend that where great numbers have definite employment, in difficult and dangerous places, particularly colliers and miners, it would be well to establish for each class the means of instruction in everything relating to their employment. The chemical properties of the materials, the geological structure of the place, the whole danger of the employment, and the mechanism of all their tools and appliances, also the great benefit to be derived from strict attention to wholesome cleanliness, should be made thoroughly known. There was, comparatively, little harm from the day's dust and black which obscured them, provided they began or ended the day clean from the bath, and had clean linen. Men respected each other in proportion to their cleanly habits; the feeling of moral | responsibility was thereby increased; and the mind thus filled would make them better workmen and much more cheerful companions and helpmates, all which contributed greatly to promote health and strength. The dreadful | loss of life by colliery explosions was a disgrace to the mechanical and chemical knowledge of the present time. In 1816 the Society gave their Gold Medal and one hundred guineas to Mr. Ryan,* for his means of removing the fire and choke-damp from mines, and a few years back the Government showed their real solicitude to remove the danger, by selecting the two apparently fit test men to examine a mine that had exploded with dreadful loss of life. He alluded to Mr. (now Sir Charles) Lyell, the eminent geologist, and Mr. Faraday, our greatest chemical philosopher. The latter gentleman, in a lecture at the Royal Institution, showed that it was practicable to draw off the dangerous gas; but those means were quite the same as what the Society had rewarded Mr. Ryan for long before; and yet nothing seemed to be done to put those means into practice. The evil could be lessened in proportion to the number of shafts sunk into any mine; but it was urged that the great expense of shafts rendered such a plan impracticable, as if valuable lives were to be sacrificed for the want of the necessary expenditure. It was well known that in all caverns where there was water running the air was pure. Now, coal mines were so dry as to cover the men with dust, but if water was introduced into such mines it would largely absorb the heat, and deprive an explosion of much of its mischief; and if there was always water enough to absorb the carbonic acid (or choke-damp), and air enough admitted to fire every inlet of gas, men would frequently have abundant light and no explosions; but the foul air must be drawn off, and lights should be kept burning in all dangerous places to kindle the gas as soon as it appeared, before it spread or mixed, and the heat thus produced would greatly assist in the ventilation. The present production of inflammable gas pushed back the fresh air that would otherwise enter the mine; if this were constantly burnt, it would be so lessened in bulk as to draw the fresh air in. Dr. CAPLIN was afraid, as a foreigner, he might not make himself distinctly understood, but he could not refrain from expressing his gratification at seeing scientific men taking into their consideration the evils which afflicted the working classes, and endeavouring to alleviate them. Those evils, however, could not be remedied until the working classes were themselves made fully aware of their existence, and determined to put their shoulders to the wheel to remove them. He knew from his experience, as one of the Sanatory Commissioners of Manchester, how much the working classes neglected their own comfort. Dr. Chambers had spoken of a table for tailors; such a table had been tried in France, and failed, because, if a man had to alter his accustomed position, or change a tool, from want of practice he found he could not earn so much money as *Vile Vol. 34 of the "Transactions." upon the old principle, and he reverted to it without giving himself time to derive the advantages which practice with the new implement might give him. He (Dr. Caplin) had invented an implement for preventing the pressure of the shoemaker's last, and the dangers incidental from the present use of the knife, but he could not get it adopted, the men being wedded to their old plan of working. They must educate the working-classes to see the advantages of improved methods of working, before they could get them adopted. Mr. Simon had made some very judicious remarks about blindness to compositors being prevented by the use of sixpenny glasses, and it was not likely that men educated to that fact would lose their eyesight for so small a saving. As regarded the advantages of education on any subject, he might mention that in Manchester Dr. Turner delivered a lecture on the necessity and importance of whitewashing the cellars in which many of the working classes lived, and the result was, that numbers of them clubbed their pence and twopences to purchase brushes, which were passed from hand to hand, to whitewash their homes, though they could not have afforded to expend 43. or 5s. for the purpose. Why could the men not do the same for the purchase of gas glasses if the masters would not find them. We knew that in Manchester you could not take a glass or jug into a manufactory without its being broken, and such a feeling might prevent the masters incurring considerable expense for gas-glasses, but the men might easily obtain them for themselves by clubbing their sixpences together. He believed that the best way of improving the condition of the working classes was by instructing them, through the medium of lectures, that if they neglected the means of preserving their health and strength, they not only injured themselves, but brought ruin on their wives and families, and inflicted great injury on society at large. Mr. SCOTT said, that two of the gentlemen who had addressed the meeting had, he thought, thrown too much responsibility upon the working mechanic and labourer relative to the preservation of his limbs from accidents, and his health from impairment. Self-guidance was undoubtedly a healthier feature, both in individuals and communities, than a reliance upon the direction and care of others; and the natural instinct of self-preservation would always, in ordinary circumstances, be found a sufficient guide to safety. But it ought to be borne in mind that in this country, and in other advanced European states, a large proportion of the industrial classes were not qualified to judge of the effects produced upon their physical condition by the occupations they followed; while another large class were placed in positions over which they had no control. Under these circumstances it could not be truly said that the mechanical workers in our industrial hive had their health and safety in their own keeping. It was well known that in America and in many of the Continental states, the law imposed greater responsibility upon the employers of labour, and allowed fewer of them who neglected the safety of those they employed to escape with impunity, than did the law in this country; and what was the result? Mr. Mackworth had very pointedly adduced the case of Belgium, where deaths and injuries from accidents in mines were less than onehalf those that occurred in England amongst similarly employed classes; and this simply because life there was religiously hedged round by the state. Some years ago, he (Mr. Scott) was standing on the pier at Rotterdam, when a Dutch porter, who was landing tobacco from a ship lying alongside, happened to fall into the hold, and in an almost incredibly short space of time, an officer of the law tapped him on the shoulder, and served him with what we would call a subpoena, to attend a court next day. At the same time, the chief mate, who happened to be the officer in charge, was marched off by two officials armed with pipes and staves, and locked up! Next day, it was clearly made out that the slings in which the tobacco had been suspended were not proper and safe, and the mate was consequently subjected to fine and imprisonment. Now, contrast this prompti- of operatives, would be cheerfully adopted by the rising one. tude and humane care with what lately occurred in a Mr. Winkworth could also bear testimony to the truth of the house near the terminus of the Blackwall Railway, in this remarks of Mr. Hugo Reid, as to the unwholesome condicity, where a labourer, in digging the foundations of tion of the greater part of schools for the many, both abroad some new buildings there, cut a service gas-pipe belong- and at home. It was generally known to the members that, ing to an adjoining house, allowing one of the rooms to at the instance of the Council of the Society, he had rebe filled with gas, which exploded when the wife of the cently and successfully visited Holland and Belgium, for owner entered with a lighted candle, injuring and dis-objects connected with the impending Educational Exhibifiguring her for life. On account of the nature of our tion. In the course of his journey he had inspected many law and precedents, and the complication of contractors, schools under the most advantageous circumstances, being sub-contractors, and subs under them, the injured parties especially accred ted to them by their respective governwere thwarted in their endeavours to bring home a claim ments, and he regretted to say, that in scarcely any instance for compensation to any responsible person. These might did he find the ventilation good. The most offensive was be said to be incidents pertaining to the mechanical view one for Jewish children at Rotterdam, and the most perof the question, but what might be called its scientific fect was at the celebrated Jesuit establishment at Malines. phase was not less important; this consisted of unseen At one school at the Hague, at which there were 700 influences, felt, but not so easily detected, by the common children of both sexes in the room, the heat was very opobserver. Unfortunately for his qualifications to speak pressive; and on his noticing the circumstance to the head from personal experience on this subject, his occupation, master, he immediately ordered all the windows to be being agricultural, was peculiarly healthful. But still opened, by which a current of cold air was introduced, there was one deleterious influence, both upon man and calculated to chill the bodies and derange the respiration beast, which he would venture to name, as he had long of children of tender age accustomed to a hot and vitiated been in the habit of counteracting it; it was the ammo- atmosphere. He trusted that one of the objects contemniacal gases usually allowed to float about stables, injuring plated by the promoters of the Educational Exhibition, the visual organs of the horses and the health of those would be the introduction of an improved system of ventiwho attended upon them. The first remedy he tried for lation, and he knew of no one so well able to inaugurate this evil was gypsum, sprinkled over the floors night and the discussion of the subject there, as the gentleman to morning; this proved a very good fixer of the ammonia, whom they were that evening indebted for the interesting but having found that peat charcoal was a much and important paper out of which these remarks had sprung. better absorbent of the gases and salts of ammonia, he The CHAIRMAN stated that the time had now arrived had latterly adopted it. The most illiterate farmer was at which it became his duty to tender the thanks of that aware of the bad effects of the pent-up air in stables upon meeting to Dr. Chambers, for his very valuable and his cattle, and upon the servants who attended them, but interesting paper on Industrial Pathology. The paper the general deficiency of scientific knowledge amongst was clear, practical, and suggestive. There had never that body prevented them from perceiving remedies for been brought before the Society a subject more important, these or similar evils, and, in too many cases, of even ap- or more peculiarly suitable to the Society of Arts. preciating them, when pointed out by others. Happily, People came here fancying that this was an association scientific knowledge was spreading rapidly amongst agri- for the advancement of the Eine Arts, and, when they culturists; and as Dr. Chambers, the exponent, he pre- saw the great pictures, by Barry, which adorned these sumed, of the principles that were to regulate the action walls, that fancy was confirmed. We were a Society of the Pathological Committee, had stated that it would for the Encouragement of Arts (Fine and Industrial), be their endeavour to instruct the minds of the employers Manufactures, and Commerce;" and he hoped that the and the employed, as to the nature of the influences that time would never arrive when we should regard "Arts, affected their bodily health in their several callings, as Manufactures, and Commerce" as abstractions to be well as to collect facts for government to act upon, he encouraged and crowned with success, irrespective of (Mr. Scott) had little doubt but that quite as many phy- the welfare of the human beings engaged in promoting sical evils which the industrial classes were now subject them. Those beings, whether masters or men, were the to, would be remedied by an increased knowledge of science, Society's special clients, the very objects for which we as by an increased stringency in the application of protect- were concerned. With reference to the Industrial Pathoing laws. Having sometime ago been in Yorkshire, and logy of Schools, that part of the subject would, he hoped, attended a coroner's inquest, he had been forcibly struck be effectually dealt with in the approaching Educational by the extensive knowledge displayed by the coroner of Exhibition. It would be fully illustrated in the Exhibithe various causes of death, whether natural or accidental; tion itself, and in the lectures and practical discussions and he would, therefore, venture to suggest that the which were to accompany it. We should have the expeCommittee now formed should enlist the sympathy and rience not only of this country, but of nearly all the co-operation of that body in aid of the end it had in civilised communities of the world. Many governments view, and thus obtain invaluable assistance in carrying had appointed commissioners to visit this country, and to out the objects of this Society. report upon the Exhibition and its results. Those fo Mr. WINKWORTH said, that the remarks which Dr.reigners would be able to teach us much, and we could Chambers's paper had elicited from so many gentlemen in teach them not a little in return. He was glad to have the course of the evening, were so many independent testi- this opportunity of publicly expressing to the Marquis monies to its great and varied merit. With respect to of Blandford, Dr. Chambers, Mr. John Simon, and what had fallen from Dr. Caplin, he could' unfortunately Mr. Twining, the obligations which the Council were corroborate from his own experience, the charge that under to those gentlemen for giving their valuable workmen were too generally unwilling to adopt improve- services as the Committee on Industrial Pathology. The ments which had a tendency in certain occupations to subject was well placed in their hands. They would do lighten labour or remove obstructions to the free develop- all that was possible with it; but all that they could do ment of their physical powers. Early in life he had em- would be of little avail without extensive and continuous ployed some hundreds of weavers in Spitalfields, and it was co-operation on the part of the members of the Society, both a source of regret and surprise to him, that all sugges- and of the 356 Institutions in union with it. To the tions for the amelioration of local personal suffering, were members of the Institutions, many thousands of whom received with suspicion, and were with difficulty introduced. were working-men, he would specially appeal for coHe hoped that the advantages of industrial education now operation. They could supply the necessary data, the so largely diffused, would be properly appreciated, and that facts on which the deductions of learned men must be appliances unknown or rejected by the present generation founded. It would be an excellent thing if some of the |