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got in Carolina, which protracted the war at least two years longer. And as this two years' ruinous war in Carolina was owing to the encouragement the enemy got there, and that encouragement to toryism, and that toryism to ignorance, ignorance may fairly be debited to two millions of loss to Carolina.

“Well, in these two extra years of tory-begotten war, Carolina lost at least 4,000 men; and among them a Laurens, a Williams, a Campbell, a Haynes, and many others, whose worth not the gold of Ophir could value. But rated at the price at which the Prince of Hesse sold his people to George the Third to shoot Americans, say £30 sterling a head, or $165, they make $600,000. Then count the 25,000 slaves which Carolina certainly lost, and each slave at the moderate price of $300, and you have $7,500,000. To this add the houses, barns, and stables that were burned; the plate plundered; the furniture lost; the hogs, sheep, and horned cattle killed; the rice, corn, and other crops destroyed, and they amount, at the most moderate calculation, to five millions.

"But if it be melancholy to think of so many elegant houses, rich furniture, fat cattle, and precious crops destroyed for want of that patriotism which a true knowledge of our interests would have inspired; then how much more melancholy to think of those torrents of precious blood that were shed, those cruel slaughters and massacres that took place among the citizens, from the same cause! As proof that such hellish tragedies would never have been acted had our State been enlightened, only let us look at the people of New England. From Britain, their fathers had fled to America for religion's sake. Religion taught them that God created men to be happy; that to be happy they must have virtue; that virtue is not to be attained without knowledge, nor knowledge without instruction, nor public instruction without free schools, nor free schools without legislative order.

"Among a people who fear God, the knowledge of duty is the same as doing it. Believing it to be the first command of God, 'let there be light,' and believing it to be the will of God that all should be instructed, from the least to the greatest, these wise legislators at once set about public instruction. They did not ask, How will my constituents like this? Won't they turn me out? Shall I not lose my $3 per day? No, but fully persuaded that public instruction is God's will, because the people's good, they set about it like the true friends of the people.

"Now, mark the happy consequence. When the war broke out, you heard of no division in New England; no toryism, nor any of its horrid effects; no houses in flames, kindled by the hands of fellow-citizens; no neighbors waylaying and shooting their neighbors, plundering their property, carrying off their stock, and aiding the British in the cursed work of American murder and subjugation. But, on the contrary, with minds well informed of their rights and hearts glowing with love for themselves and posterity, they rose up against the enemy, firm and united, as a band of shepherds against the ravening wolves.

"And their valor in the field gave glorious proof how men will fight when they know that their all is at stake. See Major Pitcairn, on the memorable 19th of April, 1775, marching from Boston, with 1,000 British regulars, to burn the American stores at Concord. Though his heroic excursion was cominenced under cover of the night the farmers soon took the alarm, and gathering around them with their fowling pieces, presently knocked down one-fourth of their number and caused the rest to run, as if, like the swine in the gospel, they had a legion of devils at their backs.

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"Now, with sorrowful eyes, let us turn to our own State, where no pains were ever taken to enlighten the minds of the poor. There we have seen a people naturally as brave as the New Englanders, for mere lack of knowledge of the blessings they possessed, of the dangers threatened, suffer Lord Cornwallis, with only 1,600 men, to chase General Greene upward of 300 miles, in fact, to scout him through the two great States of South and North Carolina, as far as Guilford Court House, and when Greene, joined at that place by 2,000 poor, illiterate militiamen, determined at length to fight, what did he gain by them, with all their number, but disappointment and disgrace? For, though posted very advantageously behind the cornfield fences, they could not stand a single fire from the British, but, in spite of their officers, broke and fled like baseborn slaves, leaving their loaded muskets sticking in the fence corners.

"But, from this shameful sight, turn again to the land of free schools-to Bunker's Hill. There, behind a poor ditch of half a night's raising, you behold 1,500 militiamen waiting the approach of 3,000 British regulars with a heavy train of artillery. With such odds against them-such fearful odds in numbers, discipline, arms, and martial fame-will they not shrink from the contest, and, like their Southern friends, jump up and run? Oh, no; to a man they have been taught to read: to a man they have been instructed to know, and, dearer than life to prize, the blessings of freedom. Their bodies are lying behind ditches, but their thoughts are on

ears.

the wing, darting through eternity. The warning voice of God still rings in their The hated forms of proud, merciless kings pass before their eyes. They look back to the days of old, and strengthen themselves as they think what their gallant forefathers dared for liberty and for them. They look forward to their own dear children, and yearn over the unoffending millions, now, with tearful eyes, looking up to them for protection. And shall this infinite host of deathless beings, created in God's own image, and capable by virtue and equal laws of endless progression in glory and happiness-shall they be arrested in their high career, and from the free-born sons of God be degraded into the slaves of men? Maddening at the accursed thought, they grasp their avenging firelocks, and, drawing their sights along the death-charged tubes, they long for the coming up of the British thousands. Three times the British thousands came up; and three times the dauntless yeomen, waiting their near approach, received them in storms of thunder and lightning that shivered their ranks and heaped the fields with their weltering carcasses.

"In short, my dear sir, men will always fight for their Government, according to their sense of its value. To value it aright, they must understand it. This they can not do without education. And as a large portion of our citizens are poor, and can never attain that inestimable blessing without the aid of government, it is plainly the first duty of government to bestow it freely upon them. And the more perfect the government, the greater the duty to make it well known. Selfish and oppressive governments, indeed, as Christ observes, must hate the light, and fear to come to it, because their deeds are evil.' But a government like our Republic longeth for the light, and rejoiceth to come to the light, that its works may be made manifest that they are wrought in God,' and well worth all the vigilance and valor that an enlightened nation can rally for its defense. And, God knows, a good government can hardly ever be half anxious enough to give its citizens a thorough knowledge of its own excellencies. For, as some of the most valuable truths have been lost for lack of promulgation, so the best government on earth, if not duly known and prized, may be subverted. Ambitions demagogues will rise, and the people, through ignorance and love of change, will follow them. Vast armies will be formed and bloody battles fought. And after desolating their country with all the horrors of civil war the guilty survivors will have to bend their necks to the iron yoke of some stern usurper, and like beasts of burden to drag, unpitied, those galling chains which they have riveted upon themselves for ages.'

VIRGINIA.

MANASSAS INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL, MANASSAS, VA.

By H. P. MONTGOMERY, Supervising Principal in the Colored Schools of Washington, D. C. This school is the direct outgrowth of an effort on the part of Miss Jennie Dean, a young woman of remarkable energy and religious fervor, to better the condition of her own race living among the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains in a section of the State of Virginia where the devastation from the late war was great, and from which the people have not yet fully rallied.

Miss Jane E. Thompson, a teacher in the public schools of Washington, D. C., while on a visit to her grandparents, who lived in that region, was attracted by the work of Miss Dean. Miss Thompson, although a descendant of slaveholding ancestors, was so impressed with the character and importance of Miss Dean's work that she determined on returning to interest her city friends in it. She finally succeeded in bringing the matter to the attention of the late Gen. R. D. Mussey. Gen. John Eaton, ex-United States Commissioner of Education; Mr. Henry E. Baker, Mr. H. P. Montgomery, and Mr. J. H. Meriwether, all of Washington, D. C., and Hon. George C. Round, Rev. M. D. Williams, and others, of Manassas, Va.

By the advice and assistance of these gentlemen a farm containing 100 acres was purchased. This farm was a part of the Bull Run battlefield, located about 1 mile south of the town of Manassas, on the Southern Railroad.

The necessity for such a school is shown by the following statistics:

The last census shows in Prince William County (in which the school is located) and the adjoining counties of Fauquier, Stafford, Loudoun and Fairfax, a total colored population of 23,972, with a school population of 11,200, while statistics of the United States Bureau of Education show the average percentage of daily attendance in the colored schools to be 24.5.

This condition of affairs was brought to the attention of the colored people, and

they were urged to take a more active interest in the education and elevation of their children by helping to build a school where they might be taught the industries and trades, thus enabling them to command better wages, secure more desirable homes, and become better men and better citizens.

Their response was not large contributions of money, for of that they had little or none, but they came forward with generous donations of labor and farm products, which greatly assisted the directors in the erection of their first building. The desire for a school and the determination to have one became so strong that Miss Thompson, at her own expense, went to Boston, where she was greatly encouraged by Dr. Edward Everett Hale, Mrs. M. C. Whitman, and Col. L. Edwin Dudley. Through the kindness of these persons Miss Dean was invited to Boston to represent the cause of the school in meetings which they had arranged for her. The contributions from these meetings, together with a generous sum from Miss Howland, our largest contributor, enabled us to erect a suitable house in which to open the school during the following autumn. A neat frame building, 40 by 38 feet, was erected (wholly by colored mechanics) during the spring and summer.

Some difficulty was experienced in getting teachers for the school, as the directors were entirely without money with which to pay salaries. Dr. E. P. Clemens, Miss M. E. Vernon, and Mr. J. Thomas were finally induced to enter upon the work without the guaranty of any salary.

So great was the desire of the people to place their children in school that boys and girls reported before the building had been completed. It would never do to send them home again, so the school was organized in the kitchen of a little farmhouse on the place, where its work was carried on until the completion of the new building, Howland Hall. The growth of the school was so rapid that it was soon taxed beyond its accommodations, and many were turned away. The school is strictly industrial, its aim being

(1) To train its students to habits of usefulness and purity of character by stimulating and developing all their powers--mental, moral, and physical.

(2) To teach the dignity and importance of labor, and how to perform it skillfully and with profit.

(3) To teach the value and use of money, and how to use it in getting homes. (4) To train young men and women for useful, intelligent, and patriotic citizenship.

These ideas were emphasized in all the work of the school, and the effect upon the community was soon manifested by the almost daily visits and expressions of approval by those who had looked upon the establishment of the school with suspicion. But just at this time, during the coldest weather ever known in Virginia, and when the school seemed to be doing the greatest good by attracting wide and favorable attention, Howland Hall, for which we had labored so long and patiently, and the only building we had for school purposes and dormitories, was destroyed by a fire due to a defective flue. The students were left shelterless and without even a change of clothing, for the fire came so suddenly and burned so furiously that nearly everything was destroyed.

The people of Manassas came to our relief by taking our girls into their families and boarding them for the nominal sum of $4 a month. Without losing either courage or time the teachers and pupils set about making arrangements for continuing their work in a nearby church without the loss of a single school day. Before the opening of the next school year another building, larger, more substantial, and better in all its appointments, was erected and made ready for use. On October 1, 1895, the building was dedicated, and the exercises mark an epoch in the history of both races as they dwell together in the State of Virginia. There the foremost citizens of Virginia's white population stand side by side with the earnest, hopeful ones of her colored population, each and all of them aiding the cause of education among the recently emancipated. The good influence of the school upon the community is distinctly marked. Mayor Taylor, of Manassas, in speaking of the school, said that it had done more " to elevate the conduct and aspirations of the colored people than all other agencies combined. For the first time since emancipation not a single person of color was arrested during the last Christmas holidays. Not a single case of disorderly conduct or drunkenness was reported or noticed."

The people of both races take great interest in the school and do all they can to promote its welfare. The colored people take especial pride in the school. They have contributed generously of their limited means for its support, and therefore feel that it is largely a thing of their own creation. No school in the country is doing a better work than this, and those interested in the development of the colored people are invited to visit the school and examine its work, remembering that it is purely an industrial school.

During the past year 92 pupils were given instruction in the following industries: Sewing, 73;1 cooking, 73; laundry work, 48; carpentry, 50.

Some girls took instruction in carpentry, and by their aptness demonstrated the ability of girls to learn the use of tools. The thoroughly practical and economical value of the instruction given the classes above is shown in the fact that all the meals during the entire year for both teachers and pupils were prepared at an average cost of less than 20 cents a day for each person.

The school is a corporation, regularly chartered under the laws of Virginia. It is under the general management of a board of directors, whose names are as follows: Hon. Carroll D. Wright, president, Prof. H. P. Montgomery, vice-president; Mr. Henry E. Baker, treasurer; Rev. J. H. Bradford, recording secretary; Rev. H. H. Waring, corresponding secretary; Mrs. George F. Hoar, Mrs. M. C. Whitman, Miss Emily Howland, Mrs. M. H. Doolittle, Mrs. H. P. Montgomery, Mrs. Orra Langhorne, Rev. M. D. Williams, Rev. D. J. Henderson, Miss Jennie Dean, Dr. J. M. Clarkson, Hon. George C. Round, Capt. Robert Tyler, Mr. J. H. Meriwether, Dr. W. S. Montgomery, Mr. L. C. Bailey, Rev. W. A. Creditt, Mrs. Dodge, Mr. James Dorum.

Although the school is nonsectarian in character, it is pervaded by Christian influence.

The chartered life of this school began about three years ago. During this time $12,486.02 have been contributed from various sources. With this money a farm, containing nearly 100 acres, has been bought, four buildings erected, two halls, a barn, and a structure used for a carpenter shop, shoe shop, and laundry. The school is without endowment or State aid. It derives its support from charitable contributions.

1 Twenty-six of these were boys.

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