Clemson Agricultural College, Fort Hill, S. C. State Agricultural College of South Dakota, Brookings, S. Dak. University of Tennessee (agricultural and mechan- Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, Col- Agricultural College, Logan, Utah.. University of Vermont and State Agricultural Col- Virginia Agricultural College, Blacksburg, Va.. West Virginia University (agricultural and me- University of Wyoming (agricultural and mechanical department), Laramie, Wyo. Alabama Normal and Industrial School, Normal, Branch Normal College of Arkansas Industrial State College for Colored Students, Dover, Del. Georgia Industrial College for Colored Youths, Col- State Normal School for Colored Persons, Frank- Southern University and Agricultural and Me- Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College, West- Lincoln Institute, Jefferson City, Mo. Claflin University, Agricultural College, and Me- 82 Prairie View State Normal School, Prairie View, Tex. Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute, H. B. Fussell. 3 6 32 Hampton, Va. J. H. Hill. 0 3 West Virginia Colored Institute, Farm, West Vir ginia. 27 a Thirty-eight men and 3 women under "nonresident instruction in agriculture. TABLE 2.-Financial statistics for 1895-96 of institutions endowed by act of Congress in 1862 and 1890 with public lands or a part of the proceeds arising from the sale thereof, or both. State Agricultural College of South Dakota 26,292 6,435 0 21,000 15,000 5,005 22,510 15,000 University of Tennessee (agricultural and mechanical department). 10,178 Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas 31,223 28,000 14,:280 15.750 15.00) 49, 660 15,000 Agricultural College, Logan, Utah 8,000 $3,500 21,000 15.000 4,192 17, 152 16,468 17,212 University of Vermont and State Agricultural College. 2,085 6,000 Virginia Agricultural College. 8,130 21,000 000 31,263 60,469 15,000 11.000 30,000 20,659 14,000 15,000 13,704 11,000 20, 866 Washington Agricultural College and School of Science. 22,542 3,297 50,019 21.000 15,000 5,078 West Virginia University (agricultural and mechanical department). 24,960 15,000 1,188 25,847 21,200 1 6,048 16,000 000 10,490 16,516 25.355 University of Wisconsin (agricultural and mechanical department) 31,950 195,000 | 17,000 21.000 15,000 161,600 127,910 30,000 University of Wyoming (agricultural and mechanical department). 38,366 4,785 3,600 21,000 15,000 583 23,130 15,267 North Carolina Agricultural and Mechanical College for the Colored Race. 6,569 7,500 7.362 50 7,100 1,000 5,754 10,500 10,000 Prairie View Normal School. 17,254 5,500 Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute 10,329 7.000 West Virginia Colored Institute.. 5,440 7,150 5,000 142, 167 e 164,056 a Not including $100,000 from sale of bonds. b Included in column 3, but in 1893 reported as $42,652 and estimated in 1894 as $25,875, considering five-twelfths of the bond held by the university and agricultural fund as belonging to latter. e This probably is about half of the true amount received by the State treasury. The fund is $95,000, invested in 4 per cent bonds. d Also $87,889 for other expenditures. e This is really a State appropriation to meet claims of negro citizens on the 1862 fund, which goes to University of Georgia. CHAPTER XXVIII. THE BERTILLON SYSTEM AS A MEANS OF SUPPRESSING THE BUSINESS OF LIVING BY CRIME.1 Movement of crime in 1870; Ways in which crime as a business may be suppressed; Pauperism, its character and suppression; Efforts to prevent vagabondage in England three hundred years before the introduction of the instruction of the peasantry; Failure of such legislation to accomplish its object; Comparison of the number of paupers in American almshouses with the number of prisoners in penitentiaries; The prevention of the education of youth in crime; The reformation of the criminal; The philosophy of the Bertillon system of identifying habitual criminals; The superiority of the system to photographic records in point of classification; Method of classification used in France; Accuracy of the system; The system in the United States; The text of State laws in regard to the system and illustrations of the apparatus it employs. The number of prisoners in the United States in the year 1870 differed in a very marked way from the number reported in 1860. In 1870 the city States of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New York had far fewer prisoners in their custody than they had in 1860, while the agricultural States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Iowa, and Kansas very largely or even enormously increased the inmates of their prisons at the close of the sixties. How far the civil war drew off the criminal element of the Northeastern cities and how far that element reappeared, if at all, in the prisons of the West after the disbanding of the armies, is a question that must be left to conjecture. The deficit of criminal prisoners in the Northeastern States at the date of 1870 did not last long. Twenty years more than removed it. In the nonslaveholding States of the West the increase was also marked, though by no means so alarming as that following the close of the civil war. This constant increment to the class of persons called by the census "prisoners," and the ease with which a jackknife, or a mouthful of liquor will secure transportation for such persons, when free, over the many lines of railways that traverse the Republic, make it necessary that the police of towns and cities should not be left isolatedly to prove before judges and juries, properly anxious to be just and merciful, the mischievous disposition of their unwelcome visitors. There are three ways in which crime as a business may be more or less undermined: (1) By preventing the education of youth in crime; (2) by reforming the incarcerated criminal; (3) by so registering the criminal that he will fear to practice his vocation, knowing that if captured his lawyer will have some difficulty in explaining away the facts registered against him. The first and second methods have long been tried in this country, and now a plan known as the Bertillon system of identifying habitual criminals is championed as capable of registering the By Mr. Wellford Addis, specialist in the Bureau. |