III. Normal course in domestic arts.

The normal course is intended for those who desire to fit themselves to be teachers of dressmaking, millinery, and allied branches. No one is admitted to this course who has not a good English education and spent at least one probationary term in either the regular or the special course in dressmaking.

Besides all the studies of the regular courses in dressmaking and millinery, the Lormal course includes such additional branches as are essential to the teacher's work. Opportunity is afforded for practical training in teaching in connection with the evening classes of the institute.

The normal course occupies two years, including the probationary period. An average attendance of at least four hours daily, except Saturday, is required. Students who finish the full course of instruction and training and meet all its requirements receive a normal diploma.

ADMISSION.

For admission to any of the courses applicants must be at least 18 years of age and must be able to do hand and machine sewing. An examination in sewing is held at the beginning of each term.

FEES AND TERMS.

Regular course.-First grade, $15 per term; second grade, $20 per term, including the drafting chart; third grade, $20 per term; fourth grade, $20 per term. Special course.-Thirty-five dollars per term.

EVENING CLASSES.

In the evening classes instruction is given in the first, second, and third grades of the regular course. Each grade occupies one session.

The session extends through six months, from the beginning of October to the end of March Two lessons a week of two hours each are given.

Fees for evening classes.-First grade, $3; second grade, $8, including the drafting chart; third grade, $7. The fee is for the entire session. Certificates are granted only to students who finish the three grades.

COURSES IN MILLINERY.

The following courses in millinery are offered: I. Regular course. coarse. III. Normal course in domestic arts. IV. Evening classes.

I. The regular course.

II. Special

The regular course in millinery consists of three systematic grades, each occupying one term. Each grade is complete in itself, but the three grades are essential to thorough training in the practice of the art. In each grade two lessons in millinery, of two hours each, are given weekly.

First grade.-In this grade the work is begun with the study of the hat in detail. The methods of preparing the various fittings for the brim are taught upon a straw and a felt hat, cotton flannel and cheese cloth being used, which represent, respectively, velvet and crape. The hat is then trimmed with suitable bows of sateen to represent ribbon. Harmony of color is carefully studied in all this preliminary work. One hat is made of choice materials.

Second grade.-The study of the bonnet and the toque, using for practice the materials appropriate to the same. The latter part of the grade work is devoted to the making of bonnets and toques of choice materials.

Third grade.-Throughout this grade students work in choice materials to gain confidence and experience; they are allowed to receive and execute orders.

GRADUATE WORK.

Students who have finished the three grades of the regular course may remain an ul 'itional term for the purpose of doing more original work and gaining additional practice in dealing with the designs and materials appropriate to the two millinery seasons. The work may consist largely of orders taken by the students.

II. Special course.

The special course differs from the regular course only in completing the work of the three grades in one year. It is intended especially for those intending to become practical milliners, and who desire additional practice in executing orders, which may be taken by students on their own account during the second term.

CERTIFICATES.

Certificates are granted to students who satisfactorily complete all the grades of the regular course, or finish the special course, and pass all the required examinations. All materials are selected and furnished by the students.

In addition to the technical training in millinery, instruction is provided in the regular and the special course in drawing and water color, for the purpose of giving the students a knowledge of line and form and the ability to execute designs for the various kinds of hats, bonnets, toques, etc., in monochrome and color.

During the second term of each year instruction is given in the keeping of accounts and in business forms, customs, and correspondence. A course of lectures in the chemistry of dyeing and cleansing is also given during the same term.

Constant use is made of the extensive collection of books in the library and of the important collection of textiles in the museum. The leading American and foreign fashion periodicals are supplied in the millinery rooms.

III. Normal course in domestic arts.

The normal course is intended for those who desire to fit themselves to be teachers of millinery, dressmaking, and allied branches.

No one is admitted to this course who has not a good English education, and has spent at least one probationary term in either the regular or the special course in millinery.

Besides all the studies of the regular courses in millinery and dressmaking, the normal course includes such additional branches as are essential to the teachers' work.

The normal course occupies two years, including the probationary period. An average attendance of at least four hours daily, except Saturday, is required. Students who finish the full course of instruction and training and meet all its requirements receive a normal diploma.

ADMISSION.

For admission to any of the courses, students must be at least 18 years of age and have a good knowledge of hand sewing. For admission to the special course, applicants are required to submit a specimen piece of millinery for the approval of the director.

FEES AND TERMS.

Regular course, $12 per term; special course, $20 per term; normal course, first year, same as in regular course; second year, $35 per term. There are two terms in the year,

beginning in September and February, respectively.

EVENING CLASSES.

In the evening classes instruction is given in all the grades of the regular course. The session extends through six months, from the beginning of October to the end of March. Two lessons a week, of two hours each, are given. The fee for the session is $3.

JUNIOR AND ELECTIVE COURSES IN DOMESTIC SCIENCE AND ARTS.

COURSES OF INSTRUCTION.

The following courses are offered: I. Junior course.

II. Elective courses.

I. Junior course.-The junior course is a nonprofessional course of prescribed studies and is designed: (1) To supply that training for the duties and responsibilities of home life which the ordinary academic education fails to give; (2) to lay a broad and solid foundation for the technical work involved in the direct preparation for a profession or trade. The course of instruction covers two years.

This course is based upon the recognition of the fact that the training for the prac tical business of life should have its due place in the education of the individual during the plastic period of life. Experience is constantly showing the soundness of this position.

Of the classes that have thus far been graduated, more than three-fourths of the pupils have developed aptitudes for one or another of the arts and sciences, and are now taking advanced courses in chemistry, biology, domestic science, millinery, or dressmaking, with a view, in each case, to following the pursuit as a profession. As a result of this preparatory training in a well-arranged and soundly correlated course of study, these pupils have the advantage of entering upon the pursuit of their technical courses with good habits of thought and study, and with the ability to take an intelligent delight in their work.

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The course is divided broadly into scientific work, academic work, and industrial work-about one-third of the time being given to each. The list of studies is as follows:

FIRST YEAR.

First term.-Sewing, millinery, cookery, household economics, mathematics, drawing, history, current topics, English and American literature, rhetoric and composition, physical training.

Second term.--Sewing, millinery, cookery, household economics, mathematics, drawing, history, current topics, English and American literature, rhetoric and composition, physical training.

SECOND YEAR.

First term.-Dressmaking, household economics, elementary physics, general chemistry, biology, drawing applied to dress and ornament, English literature, rhetoric and composition, current topics, business principles, physical training.

Second term.-Dressmaking, household economics, elementary physics, general chemistry, physiology and hygiene, laundry work, drawing applied to dress and ornament, English literature, rhetoric and composition, current topies, business forms and accounts, physical training.

II. Elective courses.-The elective courses are intended only for advanced students who are qualified to make a choice of studies for specialization. These courses are designed for young women who desire a course of training in the sciences or arts, combining with such training, when necessary, courses in the academic branches. Students may elect a single study or a "group course" from the several courses offered below.

The institute affords superior advantages for students who wish to specialize. The following courses are offered: (1) Mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, physical training; (2) cookery, millinery, dressmaking, household economy, chemistry of foods, laundry work; (3) free-hand drawing, drawing from the antique, mechanical drawing, painting in oil and water color; (4) rhetoric and composition, English and American literature, history of art, civics and economics.

ATTENDANCE.

In the regular prescribed courses, attendance five days a week, and, upon an average, five hours a day is required. Work begins at 9 a. m. and continues to such hours (up to 4 o'clock) as the programme of studies demands.

FEES.

Regular course, $30 per term. Advanced elective courses, according to the group of subjects chosen. The cost of the materials used in the science and the cookery classes is included in the fee.

All the materials used in the dressmaking and millinery classes and all text-books and stationery are supplied by the student.

SUBJECTS OF INSTRUCTION.

The following outlines furnish more detailed information concerning some of the subjects of instruction embraced in the junior course and the elective courses: Cookery.-A thorough course in all the ordinary processes of cookery, with individual practice during each lesson. Each pupil performs the whole of the process treated in the lesson and produces a complete dish from a given recipe. Of the four hours per week, three are given to practice and one to theory. The theoretical part considers, in an elementary way, the chemical properties and constituents of foods and their nutritive value.

Millinery. The fundamental principles of trimming and making hats, with thorough practice in wiring, binding, putting, facing (plain and shirred), covering of buckram frames, trimming hats in choice materials, making of shirred hats. The course its the pupil to do thoroughly all her home millinery and forms a solid basis for a professional course.

Sexting and dressmaking.-Practice in sewing various materials used in making a dress. Cutting, drafting, fitting, and making plain dresses, waists, etc. The course fits the pupil to do all her home dressmaking and forms a solid basis for a professional

The incidental instruction in millinery and dressmaking includes the principles of hygienic dressing and the consideration of form and color as applied to dress.

Laundry work.-During the last term of the senior year practical instruction is given in washing and ironing in the scientific laundry of the institute. The students here make important applications of the facts of chemistry in regard to the

removal of stains, the preservation of texture and color, and the use and constituents of soaps, washing fluids, bleaching powders, and starches.

Household and social economy.—This term covers broadly the instruction in the various subjects that relate to the growth and well-being of the household and of organized society. The instruction is given (1) incidentally as opportunity occurs in the course of the daily work, and (2) in a series of lectures and lessons systematically arranged with a view to correlating kindred subjects in their bearing upon the household and upon social life and organization.

The following general outline indicates the scope of the work. It will be noted that every part of the work capable of demonstration has its outcome in actual laboratory work.

The home.-Evolution of the home; significance in the social economy; relation to the individual, to the community. Administration of the home. Relation of income to expenditure; the common sense of economy; the vulgarity of extravagance. The executive functions of the housekeeper. The question of domestic service.

The house.-Evolution of the house and its furnishings; its construction, sanitation, heating, lighting, water supply, drainage, plumbing, cleaning. Points to be noticed in a house when one wishes to buy or rent.

Furnishing of the house.-Sanitary considerations. Artistic considerations. Influence of environment upon character and disposition.

Food and drink.-Relation of food and drink to life. Food and growth; food and energy; food and heat. Nature, chemical composition, and nutritive value of various foods. Comparative value of animal and vegetable foods. Suitable foods for infants, for growing children, for adults, for the aged; for the sick, for the convalescent, for the well who wish to keep well. The adulteration of food. Discrimination in the selection of food materials; how to tell good meats, etc.; how to market generally., Drink: Fluids required for the body; effects. Beverages: Nature and composition; effects upon the human sytem. Alcohol.

Construction of dictaries.-For the different periods of life; for different seasons of the year; for different occupations of life; for different incomes. Actual practice in turning the percentages and quantities of carbonaceous and nitrogenous food required to maintain health into economical dishes for families with limited incomes. Related physical, chemical, and physiological facts.-General principles of baking, roasting, broiling, frying, etc. Chemical effects of heat on various food constituents-albumen, starch, gluten, etc. Chemical effects of overheating, on bread, fats, etc. Injurious effects of acroline. Chemical and physical principles involved in raising bread, biscuits, etc. Errors in present general systems of cookery; principles of slow cookery. Comparative value of fuels-coal, kerosene, gas, electricity. The Aladdin oven.

Clothing. The hygienic considerations of clothing. Clothing for infants, for school children, for adults; night clothing, bedclothes. Materials for clothing. Discrimination in purchasing cottons, linens, woolens, silks, etc. Artistic considerations of dress. Use and value of decoration. Laws and principles of decoration. Emergencies and home nursing.—Practical application of those facts and principle of physiology and anatomy that fit one to give that first aid so invaluable in the absence of a physician.

SPRING Garden Institute, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

[Statement of Addison B. Burk, president.]

The institute has three departments: Art, mechanical handiwork, and electrical departments. The art school is educational in its aim, and prepares some punils for higher studies and others for work as designers. The mechanical school is strictly a workshop school, the pupils working eight hours a day. There is no intention to teach a particular trade, but in the course of their training the metal workers become machinists, and the woodworkers pattern makers. They have, however, general knowledge of various other trades, and are fitted to become learners in any of them. They have also a good foundation upon which to pursue higher studies, In the electrical department laboratory instruction is given as well as practical work in wiring, winding dynamos, etc., so that the pupils may become linewer, makers of electrical apparatus, or electrical engineers.

The institute is independent of other institutions, and is maintained by fees of pupils and interest on its endowment fund. The fees of pupils range from $40 to $75 for the day classes, and from $5 to $15 for the night classes, the bulk of the pupils paying $10 in the day classes and $5 at night. The higher charges are for electricity. The unique feature of our work is the maintenance of workshop schoo's, with no theoretical studies and work at the bench for eight hours a day.

The shops are fully equipped with hand and machine tools. The pupils are fir nished with all tools and materials that may be required.

The value of the plant exclusive of buildings is probably $25,000. The annual expense of maintenance is probably $1,000.

The result of our system is that boys become highly skilled mechanics (without commercial speed) in the course of two years. They become so intelligent (without being taught to do anything but work) that they readily acquire theoretical knowledge by the reading of books. Our aim is that of Stephen Girard, to teach them things, not words, and let them pick up the words afterwards.

WORKINGMAN'S SCHOOL, NEW YORK CITY.

[Statement of Maximilian P. E. Groszmann, director.]

Our school is in no way connected with the public schools, and receives no State aid. It is supported by the United Relief Works of the Society for Ethical Culture, a fund of voluntary subscriptions. We have about 400 pupils in our schools, threefourths of whom enjoy free tuition. The tuition for the others is $75 in the kindergarten and $125 to $150 and $200 in the school classes a year.

The Workingman's School aims to be a model public school and to serve as an experimental field in which new methods of education, as they arise, may be tried for the benefit of the entire public-school system. This is the function which it aspires to fulfill. It hopes to remain in constant touch with the public schools, to work with them and for them, and for their advantage to try new educational ideas, such as can be tested under more free and favorable conditions by an institution outside of the system than by one that forms a part of it.

Manual training is one of the special features of the school. Manual training has been introduced into the high-school course of several of the public schools of the country with the expectation that it will work its way downward into the lower grades. To us, the opposite way of proceeding seems far more logical. The plan of education should develop from below upward, like a tree, unfolding its several branches more and more as it rises in height, and thus maturing toward perfect fruition at the top.

The school, however, is in no sense a trade school for the education of artisans, nor merely a manual-training school. It is a complete day school in which manual training is utilized solely on account of its educational value.

The equipment consists of one 6-horsepower steam engine, 1 engine lathe, 6 speed lathes, 6 sets soldering tools, 6 sets carpenter tools, 10 sets carpenter tools, 10 sets metal-working tools, 20 sets mechanical drawing tools, 4 sets forge tools. The pupils are provided with all the tools.

The cost of equipment is about $3,000, and the annual expense for material and supplies about $200.

It is difficult to determine the effects of manual training upon the length of school life. It is true that our children, even those who are the children of the working classes, remain with us longer than is usual, but whether this is due to the effect of manual training only or to the general spirit of the school can not be ascertained. There are a number of our pupils who have taken up a technical course after graduation.

COURSE OF INSTRUCTION.

The course of instruction comprises in all classes: Elementary natural science (obicet lessons), geography, geometry (form lessons), construction (manual work), mechanical drawing, free-hand drawing, designing, modeling in clay, reading (literater, composition, language and spelling, German, writing, arithmetic, history, elics, vocal music, gymnastics. In the three highest grades algebra is taught in Connection with arithmetic and geometry. Latin has been introduced in the two highest classes. Coeducation of the sexes in the same class room and studies is the rule from the third grade up, however, the boys receive their instruction in manual work in the workshop, the girls being taught in the sewing room; and in some of the lessons in gymnastics the exercises of the boys and girls are conducted in sepa

rate classes.

MANUAL WORK AND MECHANICAL DRAWING.

First grade.-Paper folding, cutting, and pasting (geometrical forms and designs, partly in connection with exercises in color perception); stick laying. Geometrical work with splints. Simple bricklaying and construction of steps, bridge, chimney, and small house, with building blocks, from drawings and dictation. Sketching and drawing from the same structures by the pupils. The more difficult structures are built by groups of children. Sewing: Coarse sampler, different kinds of stitches and borders.

Second grade.-Work in lead wire (straight lines, conventional forms, and familiar ED 96

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