EDUCATION REPORT, 1895-96.

After nine years of observation and practical experiment, it is my opinion that the most valuable form of industrial education for the colored people is a combination of strictly manual training with the trade school. In each of the large schools all should have the opportunity for the best manual training and this should be obligatory, so that all may have the discipline of it and also the gain that comes from familiarity with tool manipulation. Then those who have special aptitude should have the opportunity for development through thorough technical training. In this way the largest material lift can be given to the race.

CLAFLIN UNIVERSITY, ORANGEBURG, S. C.

[From catalogue of 1893-94.]

DEPARTMENT OF MANUAL TRAINING.

The advantages arising from the systematic training of the hand and the teaching of trades and industries, in connection with courses of literary culture, are so patent, that no excuse or argument is needed to convince the thoughtful mind of the wisdom of the undertaking.

Over $80,000 have been spent in supplying outfits for the various industrial departments of Claflin University, and it is the purpose of the management to make it a first-class manual training school.

The object of the industrial feature is to give instruction in manual training and to teach trades in connection with literary studies.

In order to provide for manual training, there is no effort to lower the literary standard of the university, to consume time that properly belongs to that department, or to detract in any way from the broadest and most thorough literary culture. * #

*

Experience has demonstrated that the subjects tanght in the literary departments receive a new inspiration from the practical applications which are made of them in the manual training departments. For instance, there is scarcely a principle of mathematics that is not found useful and helpful in the mechanical departments. Students soon learn that mathematics is as essential to them as the tools in their hands, and, consequently, a subject that has seemed abstract and uninteresting suddenly becomes one of the most entertaining in the curriculum.

Claflin University has in successful operation the following manual training departments:

Agriculture...

Architectual drawing.

Mechanical drawing

Masonry..

Wood working.

Iron working

Milling

Dressmaking

Sewing

House painting, etc..

Cooking

Laundering.

Millinery

Stenography and typewriting

Domestic economy

Typesetting and printing

ARCHITECTURAL AND MECHANICAL DRAWING.

Students.

55

15

170

150

44

37

89

3

33

118

41

33

21

14

12

4

Students are taught to work out their lessons on paper, and when the object they desire to make is clearly defined in their minds, the tools and material are placed at their command for an actual verification of the principles they have learned.

COURSE OF STUDY.

Selection and uses of drawing instruments. The use of the scale as applied to drawing. Simple geometric constructions involving the use of instruments, definitions, etc. Lectures on the history and development of architecture. Free-hand drawing of scrolls, irregular objects, etc. Drawing from models to a scale. Sections and intersecting drawings. Drawing plans and elevations for wood, brick, or stone construction and foundations. Principles of designing. Original designing,

plans, elevations, etc. Detail or working drawings. Exercises in writing specifications, contracts, etc. Lectures on buildings and superintendence. Lectures on historic styles of architecture and ornamentation. Lectures on ventilation. Practice in determining the strength of materials.

SCHOOL OF WOOD WORKING.

This department is furnished with benches, tools, etc., for classes of 20. Lessons are given in mechanical drawing. Students are taught the names and use of tools and how to keep them in order.

A variety of actual work is performed, such as building cottages, shops, repairing buildings, making and repairing furniture, ornamenting buildings and campus, building and repairing fences, making and repairing agricultural implements, etc. The following is the course of study pursued: (1) Exercises in methods of holding and using try-square, gange, dividers, bevel, saw, mallet, chisel, and plane. (2) Elementary framework: Cross lap joint, tenon and mortise joint, end T. and M. frame, and blind T. and M. brace frame. (3) Lathe work: Cylinders, spindles, handles, rosettes, etc. (4) Advanced framework: Miter lap joint, dovetail joint, lap dovetail joint, methods of scarfing, keyed joints, double dovetail puzzle, etc. (5) Small articles, embracing framework, nail driving, turning, scroll sawing, and miscellaneous work. (6) Cabinetwork: Sawing, turning, framing, wood carving, paneling, brackets, plain bedsteads, washstands, tables, etc.

WOOD WORKING BY MACHINERY.

This department is supplied with 2 80-horsepower boilers, an engine, 2 planers, ripsaw, jig saw, cut-off saw, variety machine, 3 turning lathes, boring and mortising machine, tenoning machine, band saw, carving machine, shaping machine, paneling machine, sash machine, etc. Students are taught how to operate the machines and how to keep them in order. With these facilities the university has been enabled to do its own building, repairing, and to manufacture its own furniture.

During the past year the industrial departments have put up a 4-story brick annex to the main building, 63 by 80 feet.

SCHOOL OF IRON WORKING.

This department is fitted up with 8 forges, driven by a steam fan, and with the Decessary outfit of tools, vises, drills, etc. The course of instruction includes the care and management of the fire and lessons in heating, holding, and striking iron; drawing, upsetting, shaping, bending, punching, cutting, breaking, welding, hardening, and tempering steel.

Considerable attention is given to repairing. Many shoptools have been made, such as tongs, hammers, swedges, fullers, punches, chisels, flatters, cleavers, hardies, headers, bending forks, tire sets, drawjacks, traverse wheels, wrenches, bevel squares, try-squares, screw-drivers, pincers, clinch knives, toe knives, shoe hammers, masons' hammers, calipers, etc. Special attention is given to filing and finishing, and there are many specimens of work on exhibition that do credit to the department.

This department is supplied with a planer, power drill, turning lathe, and a 20-horsepower engine.

SCHOOL OF MILLING.

A first-class mill has been furnished, and students are taught how to grind corn into meal, grits, and hominy. Feed is also ground for the stock.

BRICKLAYING.

Students are first taught the names and uses of the tools; then follow lessons in the kinds of materials and their uses, mixing mortar, cement, etc.

Practice is given in laying walls, corners, window and door caps, arches, flues, chimneys, cornices, etc.

Daring the early part of the course good work only is sought, but later good work and speed are insisted upon.

Instruction is also given in reading plans and specifications. Students who wish to stand at the head of their business will join a class in architectural drawing.

Two large boilers were set, several foundations for buildings put down, forges and flues built, and a 4-story brick building, 60 by 83 feet, was put up last year.

PLASTERING.

Special instruction is given in lathing, plastering, whitewashing, and frescoing. Samples of this work are upon exhibition at the university.

This department is attractive, and many students have learned enough in one year to command good wages during their vacation.

STEAM LAUNDRY.

A commodious 2-story building has been furnished with the most improved laundry machinery, the entire outfit costing $4,000. The object of this enterprise is to give instruction in all that pertains to good laundering, so that young ladies may have the advantage of their training in their homes.or may follow it as a business. The work of the university is done here, and girls of moderate means may carn a part of their necessary expenses by doing extra work.

SCHOOL OF PRINTING.

This department has been under the management of an experienced printer. The office is furnished with two good presses, paper cutter, and a good supply of type and other necessary furniture. During the session of the school a small paper is published four days in the week, known as The Claflin Daily.

HOUSE PAINTING.

Lessons are given in colors and materials, and in mixing and applying the same. Instruction is given also in graining and staining woods; in lettering and sign painting; in glazing, and in frescoing. Students become quite accomplished in this department in two years.

MILLINERY,

This is one of the most attractive and successful departments. Advanced students only are received. They are taught to bleach and sew straw, and shape and trim hats and bonnets. The department is under the direction of a lady of large experience in the business.

SCHOOL OF COOKING.

Classes in cooking are taught both at the university and at the Simpson Home. The departments are furnished with the necessary implements and materials to do most kinds of plain cooking. We have adopted in part the methods used in the public schools of Washington and in part the methods taught at Chautauqua.

Course of study-Cooking: Definition, purposes, processes, and incidental and general information respecting materials, sources, processes of preparing and combination, care and selection of materials, care of ranges, fires, and cooking utensils. Processes: Boiling, stewing, broiling, baking, frying, and preserving. Boiling: Meats, vegetables, cereals, donghs, and liquids. Stewing: Meats, vegetables, and fruits. Broiling: Steaks, chops, fish, and oysters. Baking: Bread, meats, cake, pies, puddings, and vegetables. Frying: Fish, oysters, batters, and cakes. Preserving: By sugar, vinegar, and salt.

Cooking for the sick.-Meat soups and broths, cooling beverages, cereal soups and broths, dainty dishes and relishes.

NURSE TRAINING.

This department undertakes to give such instruction as shall enable students to take intelligent care of themselves and the sick.

NURSE TRAINING COURSES.

NONPROFESSIONAL.

First year.-Study as to care of sick room: Ventilation, temperature, furnishings, disinfectants in infectious and contagious diseases. Philosophy of hot and coldwater baths and how to administer them in all diseases. Study of applications: Cupping, enemata, suppositories, poultices, counterirritants, lotions to relieve pain. Massage and Swedish movements. Instruction in fever nursing: Typhoid, malarial, scarlet, etc.; smallpox, measles, mumps, diphtheria.

Second year.-Method of ascertaining and noting pulse, temperature, and respiration. Administrations of anaesthetics. Surgical nursing. Application of bandages

and splints. Preparation and method of serving food. Preventing and dressing of hed sores, and arranging positions. Method of stopping hemorrhage. What to do in emergencies: Drowning, sunstroke, struck by lightning, burns, bites, bleedings.'

PROFESSIONAL.

Third year. To complete a course preparatory to professional nursing the following additional year of study is required. Special anatomy and a thorough course in midwifery, chemistry, materia medica, therapeutics, toxicology, theory of poisons.

PLAIN SEWING.

All of the girls not members of the dressmaking classes are required to take plain sewing. So far as we are able we provide them with material for the making of useful articles, but many are kept upon sample or practice work.

SIMPSON INDUSTRIAL HOME.

Another important industrial feature is the Simpson Memorial Home, established by the ladies of Philadelphia, in memory of the late Bishop Matthew Simpson, one of the bishops of the Methodist Episcopal Church. A neat two-and-a-half story building, containing twelve rooms, has been erected and furnished throughout. The home is under the care of a matron, who gives daily instruction in the art of domestic economy. Several girls reside permanently in the home, and have the constant benefits of the same; others are sent by classes from the university for instruction in cutting, sewing, and ornamental work.

COURSE OF STUDY IN THE SIMPSON INDUSTRIAL HOME.

First term: Plain cooking, plain needlework, laundry work, general housekeeping, good manners.

second term: Bread making, cutting and sewing, laundry work, care of the sick; hygiene-lectures. Pastry cooking, dressmaking, fine laundering, hygiene, and sanitary regulations. Care of rooms, general house work, and work in the dining halls required every day.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

The School of Agriculture was established in 1872, and is sustained by a portion of the interest acerning from the land-scrip fund, the Morrill fund, and a small appropriation from the State of South Carolina. The farm consists of about 120 acres of arable land and about 30 acres of pasture land. The farm maintains 7 head of horses and mules, 7 head of Holstein-Friesian and 7 head half Jersey cattle, 20 head hogs, and some coops of choice fowls. The farm is under excellent cultivation, as its prodnets will indicate.

The crop last year was as follows: 1,000 bushels of corn, 1,200 bushels of sweet potatoes, 300 bushels of oats, 50 bushels of clay pease, 3 bales cotton, 1,000 gallons of inilk, and vegetables and eggs.

HORTICULTURE.

This is a new department. Twelve acres have been planted in Irish potatoes, sweet corn, turnips, collards, cabbage, tomatoes, squash, melons, beans, okra, asparagus, eggplant, cucumbers, etc.

These departments furnish employment and experience to students, and supply, at the market prices, provisions fresh and crisp for the boarding department. We hope to place these departments among the most attractive in the institution.

BISHOP COLLEge, Marshall, TEX.

[Statement of F. N. Goble, superintendent of the industrial department.]

Our idea in such instruction is educational, but with a direct view to actual work. We keep these as distinct as possible. The regular manual-training work is divided up as in most such schools, and is obligatory on all students, as all other classes are. The trade work is for those who wish to learn a trade, and they put extra time on the special trade they may select.

The work is in direct connection with the regular school work, and no special or e tra charge is made for it.

The principal work is in the academy, but begins in the grammar school and runs on up into the college work, though of a different character in each. The work is modeled after the best schools of the North, and is quite similar in many respects. The age of the pupils will probably be older in the saine grades than in the North.

We all feel that the effects of the industrial work show themselves in all the other school work in increasing exactness, dexterity of hand, neatness, and general good work. The department has not been in operation long enough to give any definite answer as to the occupation of pupils. One effect of the printing office and the training the students have received there is that the standard of printing in the colored offices of the State has been raised.

VII. MISCELLANEOUS INSTITUTIONS.

PRATT INSTITUTE, BROOKLYN, N. Y.

[From the catalogue of 1895–96.]

Pratt Institute was established after many years of investigation on the part of its founder, Mr. Charles Pratt, of Brooklyn. Its object is to promote manual and industrial education, as well as cultivation in literature, science, and art; to inculcate habits of industry and thrift, and to foster all that makes for right living and good citizenship.

It is now generally recognized that manual training is an important and necessary adjunct to the education of the schools, and that mind and eye and hand must together be trained in order to secure symmetrical development. Manual training aims at the broadest, most liberal education. While developing and strengthening the physical powers, it also renders more active and acute the intellectual faculties, thus enabling the pupil to acquire with greater readiness and thoroughness and to use more advantageously the academic education that here goes hand in hand with the manual.

But the need of manual training as a developing power is not greater than that of industrial education,-such education and training in the application of knowledge as will give a more complete mastery of life, whether in domestic, business, or professional pursuits.

Accordingly, the institute seeks to provide facilities by which persons wishing to engage in educational, artistic, scientific, domestic, commercial, mechanical, or allied pursuits may lay the foundation of a thorough knowledge, theoretical and practical, or may perfect themselves in those occupations in which they are already engaged. The institute is based upon an appreciation of the dignity as well as the value of intelligent handicraft and skilled manual labor. It endeavors to give opportunities for symmetrical and harmonious education; to establish a system of instruction whereby habits of thrift may be inculcated; to develop those qualities which produce a spirit of self-reliance, and to teach that personal character is of greater consequence than material productions. Its purpose is to aid those who are willing to aid themselves. Its classes, workshop, library, reading room, and museum are for this purpose, and while tuition fees are required, yet it is the endeavor to make possible, by some means consistent with self-helpfulness and self-respect, the admission of every worthy applicant.

In accordance with these principles, the work of the institute is prosecuted upon several lines, with four distinct aims in view:

(1) Educational, pure and simple; the purpose being the harmonious development of the faculties, as in the work of the high school.

(2) Normal, the ultimate aim being the preparation of the student to become a teacher. Normal training is at present given in the department of fine arts; in the department of domestic art; in the department of domestic science; in the department of science and technology, and in the department of kindergartens.

(3) Technical, or special training to secure practical skill in the various branches of industrial and domestic art, the handicrafts, the applied sciences, and the mechanical trades.

(4) Supplementary and special, intended for the benefit of those who wish to supplement the training of school or college by attention to special subjects conducing to more intelligent direction of domestic, financial, social, or philanthropical interests. The institute is provided with a liberal endowment, which enables it to make merely nominal charges for tuition, and, at the same time, to secure the best talent and facilities for the accomplishment of its aim and purpose. All receipts from tuition and other sources are used for the maintenance and advancement of its work.

HIGH SCHOOL.

The high school of Pratt Institute aims, as far as is possible in the time given, to fit boys and girls for an industrious and useful life, whether the graduate begin life work immediately or after more advanced study. In the words of its fonuder, Charles Pratt, "the idea of the school is not to teach any trade, but to educate the pupils to work patiently, systematically, and constantly with the hand, eye, and

brain."