Instruction is given in the senior year only. Average age of pupils about 19 years. In cardboard sloyd and wood sloyd pupils work from blue prints, which each one is required to make. The required course in cardboard and wood includes the making of geometrical forms, surfaces, and solids, which may later be used as apparatus. Turning, scroll sawing, metal working, are optional. Fifteen charts, covering a course in color, are required; also two large wall color charts. Ten large wall charts, astronomical, anatomical, physiological, or psychological are required. In making these, some must be drawn by the method of squares, some by pantograph, and some by the use of the optical lantern. Several charts of geographical projections are required. Five pieces of apparatus are expected from each pupil. Photography is taught to pupils electing the same. The chart making appears to be the most valuable feature of our work. Clay modeling occupies several weeks of the year.

ipment.-Sixteen sets of wood-working tools; a full line of extra tools, not in sets; lathes, wood and metal; gasoline furnace, photographic outfit, drills, vises, scroll saws, and optical lantern and slides.

Four large work benches, each accommodating four pupils at a time; a long filing bench, running the entire length of the room; all in a large, airy, well-lighted room, in the basement of the central" building of the school. The windows are all above ground and the floor is cemented.

The value of tools, etc., is $1,000 to $1,200. No cost of maintenance, except as salary of instructor, is included in general current expenses. Instructors have other work. Pupils pay for materials used.

The training in construction of apparatus and chart making has materially influenced the public schools. One superintendent says: "I can see an improvement in the schools of the county with reference to schoolroom apparatus since the introduction of manual training into the normal school at Kutztown."

The metric system is used in all measurements and every graduate must thus acquire a practical acquaintance with that system.

The department is under the direction of the professor of psychology and pedagogy.

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, WEST CHESTER, PA.

[Statement of George Morris Philips, principal.]

We have a workshop well located in our recitation hall, about 70 by 30 feet, with an adjoining room about 30 by 25 feet. We have benches for 40 students, each fitted up with all the ordinary tools. Students in the last two years of the normal course are required to spend three quarters of an hour per day every other day in the shop. During the first of those years they take substantially the graded course in woodwork of the Philadelphia Manual-Training School. The second year they spend in making school apparatus of various sorts, especially philosophical apparatus, which they are privileged to take with them to their schools when they leave. Working drawings are made by the students in all cases, and the work done from these drawings. All other students in the school are privileged to take this work and many do. In our model school the children, both boys and girls as young as 8 or 9, take it regularly with much pleasure and with satisfactory results. The course in woodwork is taken by the young women in the school just the same as by the young men, and their work is practically as good. We confine our work at present wholly to woodwork and the necessary drawing.

V. SCHOOLS FOR DEFECTIVE CLASSES.

THE AMERICAN SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF, HARTFORD, CONN.

[Statement of Job Williams, principal.]

Briefly, the object of our manual training is to teach with a direct view to actual work. Every boy old enough to do so is expected and required to spend about three hours a day in one of our shops.

We have a cabinet shop and a shoemaker's shop. The expenses of the shops are a part of the general expenses of the school.

About 25 pupils are taught in each shop.

Cabinetmaking tools and shoemaking tools are provided. We use no machinery.

COLORADO SCHool for the Deaf and Blind, Colorado Springs, Colo.

[Statement of D. C. Dudley, superintendent.]

The central idea in teaching industries is to form industrions habits. Few of our pupils follow the trades learned here, but they are willing to work at what they can get to do.

Two and one-half hours a day are required in industrial work, though such pupils as have any talent devote one hour a day out of this two and one-half hours to art. No charge is made for tuition. It is part of this school's regular work.

Branches taught: Printing, carpentry, and baking to deaf boys; mattress making, broom making, cane seating, piano tuning to blind boys; sewing, crocheting, knitting, dressmaking to deaf girls; sewing, crocheting, knitting, bead work, hammock weaving, and basket work to blind girls. Pupils range in age in each shop from 8 to 20 years.

We have a beautiful building for the industrial departments and the shops have a reasonable amount of suitable machinery for hand work.

The principal expense of maintenance is salaries of foremen.

The results are good in improving discipline of pupils while in school and forming an industrious habit, and the work is no hindrance to other studies.

COLUMBIA INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB, WASHINGTON, D. C.

[Statement of E. M. Gallaudet, president.]

We give instruction to the boys of our Kendall school in carpentering and cabinetmaking. We expect to give instruction in printing next year. To the girls we give instruction in sewing (including machine work), dressmaking, and housework. We do this mainly because of its acknowledged educational value.

INSTITUTION FOR THE EDUCATION OF THE BLIND, JACKSONVILLE, ILL.

[Statement of W. F. Short, superintendent.]

The central idea in our instruction is educational and with direct view to actual work or trade. Some form of manual training is obligatory upon all our pupils This institution is supported by appropriations from the legislature, and there is no charge for board or tuition.

All the branches of manual instruction are carried on throughout the school year and are arranged according to the age and capability of the pupil.

The workshop is equipped with suitable tools and machinery.

The cost of the workshop was $15,000. The annual expense of maintaining it and other branches of manual instruction is about $1,500.

The effects of manual training upon other studies we regard as very salutary. The average length of the school life of the pupils is about twelve years. The pupils usually follow the occupation of the trades learned in school.

MARYLAND SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF, FREDERICK, MD.

[Statement of Charles W. Ely, principal.]

The central idea in our industrial instruction is the cultivation of habits of industry, training in the use of tools, with a view chiefly to acquiring such a degree of skill as to enable the pupil to turn his hand to any kind of manual work. We teach shoemaking, cabinetmaking, and carpentery, chair caning, turning, wood carving, and finishing. We also teach dressmaking and finer needlework.

This manual training is carried on as a department of our school, which is supported by the State. There is no charge for tuition except for persons from other

States.

The course in manual training is not commenced in any particular year, but is determined rather by the age of pupils. They are placed in the industrial classes at 10 to 12 years of age. It is our purpose to give each pupil training in the use of all the tools used in the shop to which he is attached. In the shoe shop, for example, every boy learns to perform every part of the making of a shoe, in the different grades of work, up to the cutting. The same rule applies in the other shops.

We have a building recently erected, two stories in height with a basement, 65 by 30 feet. The first floor is occupied by the cabinet shop, the other is divided between the shoe shop and printing office, while the basement is used for storage. An engine, 15 horsepower, runs the machinery. The cabinet shop is supplied with a planer, jointer, circular saws, scroll saw, mortiser, tenon machine, turning lathe, all run by steam, and there is also a good equipment of tools for cabinetmaking and joiner work. The printing office has a Hoe Enterprise Cylinder of the latest make, a small Gordon press and a good supply of type of considerable variety. In the shoe shop steam power is not used. We have several sewing machines and the usual tools found in a well equipped shop.

Value of the plant, about $6,800. Cost of maintenance, $642.08.

As a rule I think the industrial training has tended directly toward making better scholars. Undoubtedly parents are better satisfied to have their children remain in school longer than they would if instruction looking toward employment were not furnished.

MICHIGAN SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF, FLINT, MICH.

[Statement of F. D. Clarke, superintendent.]

Our manual instruction is with a view to actual work and a trade. It is obligatory. This school is supported by the State, and no charge is made for tuition.

Pupils or parents select a trade at the beginning of the sixth year, and are expected to continue at it at least a year. At the end of that year, for reason, are allowed to change. After the first year they continue till they know all of the trades we can teach. Our pupils in shops average from 12 to 21 years old, except art, drawing, etc., where they begin at 8. Number taught shoemaking, 38; cabinetmaking, 25; tailoring, 20; baking, 3; printing, 23; sewing, 57; art, 33.

Our shops are fairly well equipped with tools and machinery.

Cost, exclusive of buildings, $9,645.71. Annual salary of instructors, $3,700. Effect on other studies is good, and it lengthens the time we are able to keep our pupils. Many pupils follow the trade they learn at school, while almost all of them acquire "the habit of industry" and work regularly and steadily after leaving school. I attribute the good habits of the deaf largely to this regular work at school.

IOWA INSTITUTION FOR FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN, GLENWOOD, IOWA.

[Statement of F. M. Powell, superintendent.]

While we consider industrial training an essential and important part of the system of training, we have not yet a very systematic course on account of lack of facilities. There is provided a wood-working room with machinery and tools at cost of $2,000. In this division twelve to eighteen boys work at intervals during the day. The benefits derived are expected to be educational as well as preparatory to actual labor later on in life. Wood carving constitutes a part of the labor. In this the boys are benefited especially in hand and eye training. Wood turning, planing, and a variety of work are accomplished in this department. The majority of boys at work here also attend the regular school exercises; in this way it becomes a part of their educational training.

On the same floor four to eight boys work at intervals during the day in leather work, for the same reason involved in other industrial work. In this quite a number have become proficient in handwork, even where the mentality rates low.

The expenses connected with this department are nearly counteracted by the sale of manufactured goods. There is a brickyard on the premises in which are made all the brick that enter into the construction of new buildings. Its sales also yield considerable profit. A number of the boys participate in this labor of production. Farming and gardening are especial sources for remunerative, as well as educational labor. Forty to fifty boys work in this department during the spring and

summer.

The industrial departments are carried on in connection with other branches of the institution so closely that we have not made any effort to itemize expenses separately. Each year we learn to appreciate more fully the value of industrial training.

OHIO INSTITUTION FOR FEEBLE-MINDED YOUTH, COLUMBUS, OHIO.

[Statement of G. A. Doren, superintendent.]

In connection with school work almost all the children are engaged in some kind of work about the house and grounds dependent upon their needs and those of the i stitution. They are instructed in farming and gardening, carpenter work, painting, hoemaking, tailoring, sewing, and other kinds of work, with reference to the requirements of the institution. The industrial training is made useful in the economical working of the household. The children are happier to be occupied in this way when not engaged in schoolroom work, and are made self-supporting to a greater or less degree. The exercise, too, is very often very beneficial. Their education is with reference to life in the institution, the object being to brighten their lives in every way possible and to make them self-supporting.

VI.-SCHOOLS FOR COLORED PUPILS.

STORRS SCHOOL, ATLANTA, Ga.

[Statement of Ellen E. Roper, principal.]

We teach only sewing to girls. All take the course except those in the highest grade. The object of our teaching in this branch is primarily to render them competent to make their own clothing, also to teach them tidiness and a horror of rags,

ED 96- -35*

Several, having natural taste for sewing, have been able, after finishing our course, to get positions with dressmakers. We also teach dressmaking when it is desired. The industrial work is in connection with Storrs School, founded and supported by the American Missionary Society,

SPELMAN SEMINARY FOR WOMEN AND GIRLS, ATLANTA, GA.

[From the catalogue for 1835-96.]

INDUSTRIAL DEPARTMENT.

The industrial department is made a prominent feature in this institution. The results accomplished through the aid of the Slater Fund prove beyond a doubt the desirableness and practicability of industrial training in connection with our course of study. Every year increases our firm conviction that labor of the hands for a part of the day, directed by skilled instructors, promotes good discipline, good morals, and good mental energy as nothing else can. Every woman should be a good housekeeper, for her own honor and the progress of civilization. For all, especially for those who are to be teachers and mothers, we believe industrial training to be essential to give self-reliance and self-support. Our great aim is to make education practical. Hence all the boarders are required to learn the art of housekeeping in all its branches. The time of eight teachers is mainly devoted to this department.

Regular courses of instruction are pursued, and certificates are awarded accordingly. Each student receiving a certificate in this course has attended the school at least two years, is of good moral character, and has served creditably in the following branches taught in the industrial department: Chamber work, table work, dish washing, cooking, washing, ironing, and plain sewing.

Printing is an elective study. Sewing, dressmaking, and printing may be taken by day scholars as well as boarders.

HOUSEKEEPING.

The daily routine of life in the institution gives practical instruction in housekeeping. Boarders take care of their own rooms, and of the schoolrooms, halls, and dining rooms. Every pupil is expected to give at least one hour daily to housework. Each one has her duty to perform daily, and the assignments are changed By this means table work, dish washing, bedmaking, sweeping, and dusting, and all the other arts that make home neat and pleasant are taught to all.

once a month.

COOKING.

The daily cooking for our family of boarders is done under the eye of the matrons by students. In addition to this, there is a class in cooking, consisting of the candidates for the industrial certificates, who study cooking as a science, with a regular course of instruction which includes both plain and fine cooking. Bread making is considered of great importance.

WASHING AND IRONING.

A large, airy, fireproof laundry gives ample provision for fine laundry work. Each boarder is expected to do her own washing and ironing under the supervision of a competent teacher.

SEWING AND DRESSMAKING.

Every boarding pupil is required to learn the art of plain sewing. There are four classes in sewing, and promotions are made from the lower to the higher as fast as the pupil's proficiency will allow. Mending, the cutting and making of undergarments, and buttonhole making are taught. Fancy needlework is taken up after skill in plain sewing is acquired. Those desiring to learn the dressmaker's trade thoroughly have an opportunity to do so. The most approved methods of fitting

are used.

Day scholars who wish to make a specialty of dressmaking can enter for that branch alone.

PRINTING.

One of the pleasantest trades open to women is that of compositor in a printing office. We call the attention of parents to our facilities for teaching this trade. Our printing office issues monthly an eight-page school paper, the Spelinan Messenger; it also prints our annual catalogue, besides the letter and bill heads, envelopes, programmes, cards, and labels required for school use. This variety of work insures instruction in a variety of typesetting.

NURSE TRAINING DEPARTMENT.

The profession of nursing the sick is to-day attracting women of all ranks. Every young woman should be familiar with the fundamental principles of good nursing, so that she may care for her own health and that of her family. Many a valuable life has been lost for the lack of skillful nursing. All who contemplate missionary work should be prepared to nurse the sick. In no way can one be more sure of following in the footsteps of Christ than in entering a sick room with a trained hand and a sympathetic heart.

We offer two courses, nonprofessional and professional. The former is for those who wish merely such instruction as will enable them to care intelligently for the sick in their own homes. The latter requires three years' study. During the first two years physiology and the theory of nursing are studied in connection with English studies; during the last year the entire time must be given to practical work. All the sick of the school are cared for in the Everts ward by the senior nurses, and they do district nursing among the poor and private nursing in the families of the rich. Certificates are given on the completion of the course. Every graduate must possess a good moral character, must pass satisfactorily the required examination, and must have acquired skill in practical work. It would be possible for a person of good education to complete the course in two years by giving to it her entire time. Atlanta physicians constantly employ and recommend our graduates, who receive very high wages. Students under 17 years of age can not enter this course.

TOUGALOO UNIVERSITY, TOUGALOO, MISS.

[Statement of Rev. Frank G. Woodworth, president.]

The central idea of the instruction is educational-the development of manual skill as part of the education of the whole person. Incidentally there is the impartation of such skill as will enable the student readily to use tools in actual work and give fitness for further technical instruction. The manual work is obligatory, forming a part of the regular curriculum as much as does arithmetic or grammar.

The chief support of its teachers is from the Slater fund. The tuition charge is $1 per month for the full school work. No special charge is made for the industries. There have been in the past year 110 pupils in woodworking and forging, 30 in mechanical drawing, 100 in needlework and cookery. The ages average about 18. So far as it is possible, the methods used are those of the better manual-training » hools, like the Rindge School in Cambridge, St. Louis schools, and the Pratt Institute. The time spent in the industrial period is ninety minutes per day. In all bronches the endeavor is made so to teach that the pupils shall have ability to teach others.

In addition to the strictly manual training class work there is opportunity given for practice on finished work, and very creditable cabinet and iron work have been prodeced. A somewhat unique feature in the girls' industries is the practical housekeeping in the girls' industrial cottage, a most admirably arranged and equipped building, in which eight girls at a time can keep house for two months, learning all the practical details of household economy under the direction of a competent teacher. As a preparation for that home making which is so essential a part of the training of the colored people, if they are to rise at all, this cottage work is of incalculable valve.

The material equipment includes a building 40 by 26 feet for the woodwork and drawing, with an addition 26 by 20 for the ironwork. There are full sets of adairably made benches and carpentry tools for 24 pupils, 4 forges, and full drawing outfits for 20. The girls' industries are taught in a specially constructed “industrial cottage, " of three stories, 30 feet square, having sewing and cooking class rooms thoroughly furnished, and the rooms for the housekeeping above mentioned. This building has been pronounced the most complete of its kind in the South.

The value of the industrial plant used for purely educational purposes is $7,000. We have also painting, steam sawing, farming, market gardening, nurse training, which I do not include in this estimate. The annual expense of maintenance is $4.000.

The effort to coordinate the manual training with other studies has been attended with no small difficulty, but our observation has been that the hand work helps the bookwork. The habits which must be developed in successful manual work have a directly helpful effect on studies in general. It is found that industrial education be omes an inducement to lengthened school life. We have knowledge of many students who are making use of the industrial training received here as carpenters, blacksmiths, mill hands, mechanics. Some of them have been able to receive large wages through the acquired skill. Not a few of the girls are seamstresses and dressmakers, and many are making good homes as the result of the impetus and training given.