EXPENSES.

There is no charge for tuition, but students are required to furnish their own books, drawing instruments, overalls, aprons, and edge tools, and to pay the actual cost of working materials. The total expense averages about $20 a year.

Working materials, such as lumber, iron, clay, chemicals, sewing materials, draw. ing materials, etc., are purchased in quantities for each department, and at the opening of each term payments are required in advance for the estimated cost of materials for the ensuing half-year. For the year 1896-97, this charge has been fixed at $5 a term.

Drawing instruments can be purchased from the school at cost, if desired. It is important that these instruments should be of good quality, and well selected. The sets handled by the school are sold at prices from $5 to $10. These are to be purchased at the beginning of the first year, and they last throughout the course.

A set of chisels and plane-blades for carpentry and pattern making can be purchased from the school, if desired, at a cost of $2.50. They are required of all boys at the beginning of the first year.

A set of carving tools is required during the second year. These may be purchased from the school at a cost of $3 per set of ten tools.

Each boy entering the machine shop must provide himself with the following tools: 5-inch try-square; 8-inch outside calipers; 4-inch outside calipers; 6-inch inside calipers; 6-inch dividers; 12-inch steel straightedge; three-fourths-pound hammer. These are sold by the school for $5 per set.

All other tools and appliances are furnished by the school, and loss or breakage, resulting from carelessness, is charged to the pupil responsible for such damage. Beginning with the year 1896–97, a new plan for furnishing overalls, aprons, and towels will be put into practice. For the sake of uniformity, and to avoid confusion, these garments must be of a prescribed pattern for each line of shop-work, must be washed at intervals to be designated by the instructor in charge, and each suit must be marked with the name of the owner.

SPRINGFIELD (MASS.) INDUSTRIAL INSTITUTE.

[Statement of L. P. Strong, director.]

Our several departments cover almost all lines of practical work, the central idea in the trade school being the trade. In the high school department is the manual training course for the first year and a half, at the completion of which, the student chooses a trade to which he devotes the remaining year and a half.

Our engineering department, being a preparation to higher technical study, the practical work being compulsory even in this course.

This is a private institution; our shops are thoroughly equipped to do business, and do work for outside firms which goes a long way toward our support. The amount charged for tuition varies from $50 for the trade school to $90 in the engineering department.

The high school boys must be 15 years of age; the trade school boys must be at least 17 years of age and most of them are older.

Our building is a four-story brick structure 160 feet long and 50 feet wide. The machine shop has 29 engine lathes, 1 planer, 3 drills, 1 shaper, 1 universal miller, 1 tool grinder, emery wheels, hack saws, cutting off saws, etc., and a well stocked tool room in charge of a machinist where students can get any tools for their immediate use.

Our carpenter shop equipment consists of 8 wood-turning lathes, 1 pattern-makers' lathe, 1 jig-saw, 1 pattern makers' saw, and 1 jointer. We have a tool room here also where the extra tools are kept; each student has a drawer with lock and key containing the most common sizes of chisels, bits, planers, etc. The cost of the plant including equipment is about $50,000.

BARON DE HIRSCH TRADE SCHOOLS, NEW YORK CITY.

[Statement furnished by J. Ernest G. Yalden, superintendent.]

This school, organized five years ago by the trustees of the Baron de Hirsch fund in order to assist Russian and Roumanian Jews to gain a knowledge of some trade, is as yet little known to the general public.

*

Its object is to render it possible for a young man to gain, during his stay at the school, a sufficient knowledge of the English language and the principles of some trade to enable him on leaving school to obtain work as a helper or "junior" at that trade.

The trade school is not intended to turn out skilled mechanics, but to give a young man such a training in the principles of a trade and the proper ways of doing work that he is better fitted quickly to acquire, upon active practice at the trade, that necessary skill and quickness which is required of the first-class mechanic.

怖

The school offers free course of instruction in six grades: Plumbing, carpentry, wood turning, machinist, house painting, and sign painting.

Each course is five and one-half months in length, and the pupil is required to complete the same satisfactorily in order to obtain a certificate.

A kit of tools is given to each graduate and efforts made to obtain work for them at the completion of their course.

The first class to graduate was composed of 23 young men, distributed among the departments as follows: 5 carpenters, 8 machinists, 6 plumbers, and 4 sign painters. Eighty-seven per cent of these graduates came from Russia, the remainder from Roumania, and the average age was 19.1 years. Within three weeks after leaving the school 91 per cent were working at their chosen trade.

All exercises, whenever possible, are made directly from drawings and exactly to size. Shop methods are followed as closely as possible, and during the course frequent visits to large shops are made by the pupils, under the guidance of an instructor, who points out the significance of the work viewed.

The machine shop is 25 by 50 feet and accommodates about 20 pupils. It is enipped with 5 12-inch and 2 18-inch lathes or shapes, 2 drill presses, 2 planers, and all necessary hand tools, besides ample bench room for vise work.

The pupil is required to first complete some thirty exercises, in most part the completion of some finished article, involving as far as possible all the fundamental principles of the machinist trade, i. e., bench work, drill press, planes, and lathe practice.

Toward the end of the course the class is divided into squads and put at construction work, such as the completion of a copy press or similar article. Lectures are given throughout this course on the tools, material, and operations of the trade.

The carpentry and wood turning shop has a floor space of 1,250 square feet and ean accommodate 12 carpenters and 8 turners. It is equipped with 10 turning lathes, eircular saw, band saw, and all necessary benches for the carpenters. Each pupil first completes some twenty-four exercises, embracing the use of nearly all the carpenter's tools and showing the fundamental operations of woodwork.

These exercises include a complete set of joints, the application of mitering, dadoing, rabbetting, chamfering, etc. The pupils then construct a number of articles, such as boxes, cupboards, arch centers, house trimmings, etc., and, finally, the class builds a small cottage complete from plans.

In the wood-turning course the pupil is taught the names, uses, and care of the turner's tools; the use of the lathe, circular and band saws; finishing, staining, and polishing, and the construction of finished articles.

The plumbing shop accommodates about 20 pupils and is equipped with 20 solder pots, benches, and all necessary tools of the trade. The course in plumbing and gas-fitting is very complete. Each pupil completes a set of exercises in lead work, such as joint wiping and sheet-lead work. The use of cast-iron pipe, wrought and galvanized iron pipe in plumbing work is fully explained, and each pupil has pracLice in handling such material.

In the house-painting course the pupil is taught plain painting, preparation of surface for painting, and how to remove old paint; kalsomining; painting in two and three shades; flatting, stippling, gilding, graining, etc.; paper hanging and the preparation of stencils.

The sign-painting course includes the drawing, with chalk and triangle, the different alphabets used by sign painters; preparation of colors and boards for painting; lettering on wood and metal; glass sign painting in plain colors and gold; drawing of ornaments, scrolls, and borders, and the preparation of stencils.

Instruction in drawing is given to the members of the machinist and carpentry departments, and consists of exercises in practical geometry; then the drawing of plans, elevations, and sections of various objects; and, finally, the making of simple working drawings from objects or written descriptions.

This is decidedly a practical course, its object being to enable the graduate to read drawings and to work understandingly from them, though in nearly every instance the pupil becomes skilled enough to make a very creditable working drawing.

A course of instruction in English is offered to such pupils as are not familiar with the language, and also some instruction in arithmetic.

Evening lectures are given at intervals throughout the course on general, scientitic, and ethical subjects.

NEW YORK TRADE SCHOOL, NEW YORK CITY.

[Statement of H. V. Brill, general manager.]

Our school is exclusively a trade school, and instruction is given in trades only. By our system of instruction we fit our graduates to earn their livelihood at the trade they come to the school to learn. The manual training school does not have this particular purpose in view, the instruction in the handicrafts being supplementary and an aid to literary work.

The New York Trade School is an incorporated institution and has a charter from the University of the State of New York. It is managed by a board of trustees and is not connected with the public schools or any other institution. The school is supported by tuition fees from students and the income from a permanent endowment fund. The rates of tuition vary from $12 to $16 for an evening course, and from $25 to $10 for a day course. The charges for instruction include the use of tools and

materials.

The school is restricted to young men between 17 and 23 years of age, and the instruction furnished is of the same practical character as will be met with in actual practice at the trade. A course of instruction is arranged for each trade for the student to follow. The course commences with simple work, and step by step advances on work more complicated. Skilled mechanics are employed as instructors, and the student receives individual instruction. The scientific principles which underlie the practical work is also taught by means of lectures, so that the student acquires not only manual skill but learns why work should be done in a certain way. The workrooms of the school are equipped the same as first-class workshops. The school furnishes all tools and material.

The value of the school plant is $275,000. The annual cost of maintenance is $30,000.

The yearly attendance is 500. In the evening classes the members are residents of the city. Those who come to the day classes attend from all parts of the United States and Canada.

[From the catalogue for 1896-97.]

Evening instruction is given in bricklaying, plastering, plumbing, electrical work, carpentry, house painting, stonecutting, fresco painting, blacksmith's work, printing, sign painting, and cornice work.

There are day classes in plumbing, house and fresco painting, sign painting, bricklaying, carpentry, steam and hot-water fitting, and printing.

The evening classes are intended to give young men already in the trades an opportunity to improve themselves, and to give young men who are earning their living at other occupations during the day a chance to learn a trade.

The day classes, which are also open to beginners as well as to those who have some knowledge of the trade, graduate young men who are possessed of the skill of the average journeyman and have a wider knowledge of the trade in all its branches. The past few years much work of an advanced character has been introduced in the various day courses, and the constant practice gained by continuous application, such as the hours of the day classes afford, enables a pupil to rapidly acquire both skill and proficiency.

MASTER BUILDERS' MECHANICAL TRADE SCHOOL, PHILADELPHIA, PA.

[Statement of William A. H. Allen, superintendent.]

The school was established for the instruction of boys desiring to enter the building trades as apprentices, or those already engaged in those trades, but whose term is not yet completed. The pupils make their own choice of the trade, and instruction is given in actual work, both practical and theoretical, the former taking precedence. With the present accommodations there are no advanced classes, but pupils often attend a second term, and not a few have taken a third term.

The school was founded by the Master Builders' Exchange, and though now incorporated, still bears its name. The income is derived from instruction fees, from a small but increasing endowment fund, and an appropriation from the State of Pennsylvania-any deficit being made good by the Master Builders' Exchange. The instruction fee paid by each pupil is $27 for the term.

The schools at present are divided into seven departments, in which instruction is given in the following trades, viz: Carpentry, bricklaying, plastering, stonecutting, blacksmithing, painting, and plumbing.

Each department is furnished with competent instructors and is under the direct supervision of three members of the committee of that particular trade, and the schools as a whole are in charge of a superintendent.

For the present, evening classes only have been formed, but should a sufficient number of applications be received to warrant the management in so doing, day classes will be established.

Three evenings per week are occupied in the instruction of each class, two being devoted to shopwork and one to theoretical instruction, calculation, and drawing. The papils begin work at once in the trades they have chosen.

The present (sixth) term has 90 admissions in all, of an average age of about 18

years.

In mechanical instruction the instructors follow printed forms, the lesser details being left to their discretion. The theoretical instruction is given in the form of questions and answers, the pupils writing the latter from dictation, and any required explanation is given on the following evening. These questions form the basis of the examination at the end of the term. Working drawings only are made, the object being rather to teach the understanding of plans than to make draftsmen. The pupils are expected to have the elements of a common school education, and, if deticient, assistance is given. All the instruction is arranged to meet the practical needs of those intending to become workmen at the several trades.

The basement of the exchange building is used as a workshop and an upper floor for the drafting room. The shop is equipped with the usual hand tools of the different trades, and both tools and materials are furnished in both the shop and the drafting room.

The cost of the plant is about $4,500 and the usual expenses of maintenance about $3,000 per annum, varying somewhat with the number of pupils. The majority of the pupils have been taken as apprentices by members of the exchange, who speak in very favorable terms of their acquirements, and are willing to reduce their term of apprenticeship where a certificate is obtained. Of those who complete their time with the same employer a record can be kept, but it is of necessity incomplete in the ease of many.

It has but seldom come to our knowledge that pupils have taken up some occupation other than the trade learned at the school, and several who attended the earlier terms are now in business for themselves. The later admissions have been greatly due to the recommendations of former pupils, and when these have been visitors, it Las been with a satisfaction which they were very willing to express.

It has been contemplated to add other mechanical trades in connection with building when circumstances allow removal to quarters affording increased accommodation. The present space is fully occupied, and in some trades the number of applicants has exceeded the capacity of the school.

WILLIAMSON FREE SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL TRADES, WILLIAMSON SCHOOL, PA. [Statement of John M. Shrigley, president.]

Our support is entirely from the income of the endowment fund given us by Mr. Isaiah V. Williamson. Our machine and carpenter shops are provided with hand and power tools and our bricklaying shop with all the appliances required in that trade. Our plant, including 200 acres of ground, has cost $426,757.36. The cost of maintenance in 1895, average number of pupils having been 163, total population 205, was $60,695.56. Our first class was graduated in the spring of 1894, and many of its members are now receiving full journeymen's wages at their trades. A very large proportion of our graduates follow the trades taught them here. We have not the exact figures at this moment, but 90 per cent of the entire number will closely approximate the percentage so doing.

[From a circular of the school, 1896.]

This school was founded by Isaiah V. Williamson for the purpose of giving poor and deserving boys a good English education, for training them in habits of morality, economy, and industry, and for teaching them mechanical trades.

Only natives of the United States are eligible for admission, and no one will be accepted who is not able-bodied, intelligent, healthy, and possessed of natural aptitude and liking for mechanical work. Candidates to be successful must also be of good moral character and be sufficiently educated to readily enter on the school work. The school is only for pupils who intend to follow mechanical pursuits for a living. The scholastic examination is held four to five months prior to the date of admission, and covers reading, writing, spelling, arithmetic, including fractions, and weights and measures, geography, United States history, composition, and language. All scholars are bound as indentured apprentices to the trustees for the term of three years, with the provision that the indenture may be canceled at any time by the trustees for the scholar's incompetency or bad conduct, or if for any other reasons the trustees think him unworthy of future and continued support and education.

By the indenture the scholar will be obligated to conform to all regulations and restrictions prescribed by the trustees or their representatives, and all right or claim to control them during the period they remain at the school will be vested in the

trustees.

Each scholar is given a preparatory course in woodworking and mechanical drawing, in connection with studies in the schoolroom and extending through six months. At the end of that period he is placed at one of the following free trades, the selection of which is made by the trustees, due regard being given to the inclination and adaptability of the boys to the trades to which they are assigned:

Woodworking in its various branches, such as carpentering, pattern making, cabinetmaking, etc.

Building, including bricklaying, range, furnace and boiler setting, plastering, etc. Machine trade in all its usual details, including practical training in steam and electrical engineering, steam fitting, etc.

Each scholar takes but one of the trades named, and his instruction in mechanical and free hand drawing, which continues during the entire three years, tends in the general direction of his trade. The courses are systematic and thorough, and based on instructional methods.

The branches taught in the academic department are reading, writing, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, physical and political geography, history, elocution, physical science, English literature, physiology and hygiene, civil government, chemistry, vocal music, theory of the steam engine, strength of materials, and building construction.

The school and shops are in session eight hours daily on five days of the week and four hours on Saturday, each scholar spending about four hours in the class rooms and four hours in the shops daily the first year, the proportion spent in the shops gradually increasing toward the close of the apprenticeship.

The school term continues the entire year, but those pupils who merit it are given about two weeks vacation in summer and a few days at Christmas.

Ample facilities are provided for in and out of door games, and each scholar, in turn, performs a moderate amount of open-air work.

Scholars are required to bring with them a modest outfit of plain clothing, but while at the school no charge is made for boarding, clothing, or instruction, the benefits of the institution being free.

The domestic life of the school conforms, as far as is practicable, to good family government. To that end the scholars are divided into families of twenty-four, each having its matron and its own distinct home or cottage, cared for by its occupants. The homes contain no kitchens, dining rooms, or laundries, these being located in other buildings.

The trustees deem it to be quite as essential to have the pupils become good men as good mechanics, and special attention is given to their moral training.

IV. NORMAL SCHOOLS.

GEORGIA NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL COLLEGE, MILLEDGEVILLE, GA.

[From the Third Annual Announcement and Catalogue, 1894.]

The object of the State in establishing this school is to provide for the young women of Georgia an institution in which they may get such special instruction and training as will prepare them to earn their own living by the vocation of teaching or by those industrial arts that are suitable for women to pursue. Subsidiary to these two main objects the institution also teaches those branches of learning that constitute a good general education. It furthermore instructs and trains its pupils in those household arts that are essential to the complete education of every woman, whatever her calling in life may be or in whatever sphere of society she may move. In other words, the purpose of the college is to prepare Georgia girls: (1) To do intelligent work as teachers, according to the best methods known to modern pedagogies. (2) To earn their own livelihood by the practice of some one or other of those industrial arts suitable for women to follow. (3) To exert an uplifting and refining influence on family and society by means of a cultured intellect, which can only be attained by a systematic education in the higher branches of learning. (4) To be skillful and expert in those domestic arts that lie at the foundation of all successful housekeeping and home making. (5) To accomplish this fourfold educational purpose, the courses of study to be pursued in the school are divided, in a general way, into four principal departments, namely: The normal department; the industrial department; the collegiate department; the domestic department.

It must not be supposed that each of these departments constitutes a distinct and separate school. On the contrary, they are coordinate and coequal parts of one