THE TECHNICAL SCHOOL OF CINCINNATI, OHIO. [Statement of J. B. Stanwood, director.] As stated in the articles of incorporation, the object of this school is to furnish pupils instruction and practice in the use of tools, mechanical and free-hand drawing, mathematics, English language, and the natural sciences; to develop skill in handicraft, and to impart such a knowledge of essential mechanical principles as will facilitate their progress in the acquirement of manual trades. Our work is principally educational. When our pupils leave they are prepared to either enter business or to take a course in some higher college. Manual training is obligatory on all pupils. We have no connection with the public schools, and the school gets its support from the tuition of pupils and from private subscription of citizens. The tuition is as follows: For the high-school department: First-year class, per term, $37.50; per year, $75; second-year class, per term, $50; per year, $100; third-year class, per term, $62.50; per year, $125. Intermediate department: Per term, $25; per year, $50. Pupils furnish their own books, drawing instruments, and materials, scales, rules, calipers, oilstones, etc., and their own aprons and overalls. The school furnishes all shop tools and materials. Drawing instruments and materials cost from $10 to $12 for the first year and from $2 to $3 thereafter. A laboratory fee of not more than $2 per year is required of each pupil. This is paid to the teacher in assessments as needed. Our pupils generally enter the intermediate department at about 12 years of age or the high-school department at about 14. Our graduates are generally about 16 to 18 years of age. The cost of the plant is $13,286.66. The annual cost of maintaining is about $300, not including teachers' salaries. We find manual training very helpful to our school. Our pupils, having taken a three years' course, enter college one year in advance of the city high-school pupils, whose course is four years. COURSE OF STUDY. HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT. First year.-Mathematics: Algebra; arithmetic. Science: Botany; forestry; physiology. Literature and history: English; American literature; English history. Laugnage: German. Drawing: Free-hand, outline, and model; shop details; simple projection and geometrical construction; color studies. Carpenter shopwork: Proper care and use of tools; carpentry; joinery; wood turning. Second year.-Mathematics: Geometry. Science: Chemistry. Literature and history: English; general history; English literature. Language: German. Drawing: Shop details; orthographic projection; isometric projection; principles of perspective; development of surfaces; machines from measurement; free-hand; coloring. Blacksmith shopwork: Forging, welding, tempering, and tool making. Third year.-Mathematics: Higher algebra; plane trigonometry. Science: Physics. Literature and history: English; civil government; political economy. Language: German. Drawing: Machine drawing; general plans; detailed working drawing; shop details, or architectural drawing; interior decoration; buildings from measurement; architectural perspective; free-hand. Machine shop work: Chipping; filing; fitting; turning; drilling; planing; milling; construction of some machine or machines. INTERMEDIATE Department. Mathematics: Arithmetic, including necessary reviews, followed by compound ubers, mensuration, concrete geometry, applications of percentage, and the principle of algebraic equations. Science: Geography, with which are associated eleDentary botany, meteorology, geology, and zoology. English and history: Reading, speaking before the class, composition, United States history; American literature. German: Conversation, reading, writing, and principles of grammar. Drafting and writing: Industrial and free-hand drawing; colors; penmanship. Shopwork: A course in woodwork closely allied to the Swedish "sloyd." SHOP INSTRUCTION IN THE HIGH-SCHOOL DEPARTMENT. Carpenter shop for first-year pupils.—Two series of construction exercises constitute the general work of the carpenter shop. The first series is made at the bench, the second at the turning lathe. These exercises are so arranged as to bring into use different tools, to familiarize the pupils with the forms of construction, to develop a reasonable amount of skill, to bring into action the muscles of the arms, trunk, and legs, to develop judgment, and to train the mind to get control of and maintain supremacy over the body. Heretofore, with few exceptions, these exercises have had no intrinsic value. Many of them are now so designed as to be, when completed, either useful or beautiful, and at the end of the year the articles may become the pupil's property. We find that pupils show greater interest and care if their finished products can be put to use or kept as souvenirs. In addition to this series of exercises, which each boy completes, there is carried on some larger or more important work, upon which groups of boys are employed. Blacksmith shop for second-year pupils. —The course in the blacksmith shop consists of a series of exercises in iron and steel. This embodies the most important principles of welding iron, welding iron and steel, tempering, hardening, and annealing steel, and the construction of tools. It is in this work that pupils learn to "strike while the iron is hot," and to know what it is "to have many irons in the fire;" all of which develop quick judgment. The articles comprising the series of exercises and the order in which they are made are as follows: 1, paper weight; 2, cold chisel; 3, center punch; 4, picture frame; 5, plain weld; 6, ring for a flower stand; 7, butcher knife; 8, L weld; 9, bracket; 10, forging hammer; 11, tongs; 12, wrench; 13, wood chisel; 14, pick; 15, easel; 16, flower stand. In addition to these exercises special work is done, consisting of ornamental pieces of hammered iron, for which original designs are drawn by the pupils in the drafting room. This gives practical training in designing and construction. Only the simplest measuring instruments are used, the idea being to train the eye to estimate dimensions. Machine shop for third-year pupils.-The methods of instruction in a machine shop must be different from those in a shop where all pupils work simultaneously at the bench or forge; for with a variety of machines there must be a variety of work. As all pupils of a class must be at work at the same time, some are put at lathes, others at planers, others at vises, etc. It is, consequently, impossible to instruct by means of a systematic series of exercises, but we have found that excellent results can be effected by constructing some one machine. In building a machine, the special treatment that each detail requires and the knowledge of machine anatomy that is obtained gives a variety and breadth of experience that a series of exercises does not. In the machine shop of the technical school attention has been given chiefly to the construction of the steam engine, the great tool of modern times. Three have been built in the past four years; the first was a simple slide-valve engine of 10 horsepower; the next, a noncondensing compound engine of 15 horsepower, is now driving all the machinery of the school; the last, a triple-expansion engine of about 30 horsepower, was put in place last year. The pupils prepared the working drawings for all of these engines. It is the purpose of the school to construct from time to time engines of different types, thereby creating an interesting and valuable collection. Fifteen turning lathes for the carpenter shop have been constructed. The equipment of the workshops is as follows: EQUIPMENT. Carpenter shop.-Fifty-two cabinetmaker's benches; 30 speed lathes, 15 of which have been made by the pupils; 1 rip and cross-cut circular saw; 1 grindstone; 2 emery wheels; bench tools for 100 boys; turning tools for 50 boys. Blacksmith shop.-Thirty forges; 30 anvils; 2 vises; 1 blower; 1 exhaust fan; 1 bellows; 1 grindstone; 1 drill press; 2 workbenches, with the necessary tools; tongs, hammers, flatters, fullers, and swages, etc., for 90 boys. Machine shop.-One engine lathe, 20-inch swing, 10-foot bed; 1 engine lathe, 17-inch swing, 8 foot bed; 5 engine lathes, 14-inch swing, 5 foot bed; 1 Brown & Sharpe speed lathe; 1 Brainard milling machine; 1 Cincinnati Milling Machine Company cutter and reamer grinder; 1 26-inch by 7-foot Gray planer; 1 14-inch shaper; 1 26-inch Lodge-Davis drill press; 1 Slate sensitive drill; 1 Diamond wet emery grinder; 1 Washburn twist drill grinder; 1 52-foot bench, with 10 vises; lathe and vise tools for 24 boys; also necessary chucks, boring bars, taps, dies, and reamers necessary for same. The power is derived from a 5 by 8 by 12 inch compound steam engine, built by the pupils of the class of 1891, taking steam from two tubular boilers in the basement. There are also 2 other steam engines built by the pubils. OCCUPATIONS OF GRADUATES. Students in schools of technology, 8; in universities, 6; in business colleges, 4; in medical school, 1; in law school, 1; teachers, 4; draftsmen, 10; civil engineers, 4; mechanical engineers, 2; electricians, 3; machinists, 3; architect, 1; artists, 2; jeweler, 1; superintendent manufacturing establishment, 1; telegraph operator, 1; merchants, 3; farmers, 2; clerks and bookkeepers, 7; reporter, 1; at home, 6; indefinitely stated, 5. III. TRADE SCHOOLS. CALIFORNIA SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ARTS, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. [From the catalogue of 1896–97.] The California School of Mechanical Arts is the outcome of the public spirit of James Lick, a citizen of California. Having been brought up in narrow circumstances, earning his living in early manhood as a mechanic, he sympathized with the struggles of the young for a place in life, and resolved to found a school where those who were dependent upon themselves could receive such an education as would give them a foothold in the world. On September 21, 1875, Mr. Lick executed a deed of trust, by which he conveyed to certain trustees a large amount of property for various purposes of public benefit, of which this school was one. The execution of this particular portion of the trust was delayed by prolonged litigation, and it was not until January 3, 1895, that the buildings were completed and the school formally established. On Monday, January 14, 1895, instruction was commenced. PLAN OF INSTRUCTION. A complete course covers a period of four years, of which the first half is devoted to a preliminary course and the last two years to a formal apprenticeship in some one department. The prime object of the school is to teach trades. It aims to give each student a thorough knowledge of the technique of some one industrial pursuit from which he may earn his living. It offers, however, something more than the mere equivalent of a workshop apprenticeship. 11 Before commencing work exclusively at his trade each student must first complete a graded course of woodwork and ironwork, involving the elements of carpentry, pattern making, forging, molding, and iron fitting, and covering the first two years of attendance. (2) A systematic course of instruction in English, mathematics, science, and draw- (3) There is the additional advantage that the shop instruction throughout is PRELIMINARY COURSE. The two years' preliminary course serves as a foundation for the different trades and technical courses. This part of the curriculum is essentially the same as the course given in the so-called manual training schools. It is different for boys and girls as regards tool work and domestic branches, but otherwise it is the same for all students, and is required of all. It divides its time equally between academic and industrial branches. The academic branches include English, mathematics, science, and history. One period of fifty minutes per day, for two years, is devoted to each of these subjects, with the exception of history, which is given on alternate days. The instruction in English includes word study, grammar, and rhetoric, practice in written and oral expression, and a study of literature through English classics. The mathematical instruction includes elementary algebra, and plane, solid, and spherical geometry, carried on side by side throughout both years. The sience work consists of physics during the first year, and chemistry during the second year. The preliminary instruction includes, also, a general course of ancient, mediaval, and modern history. The industrial branches are made up of the three elements: Tool work, industrial art, and household art and science. The industrial art instruction begins the same for boys and girls. Free-hand representative and decorative drawing, mechanical drawing, modeling, and carving are substantially the same for both up to the middle of the second year, from which point of divergence the boys continue along the mechanical and architectural lines, while the girls do more of the free-hand work, such as designing. The tool work (for boys only) consists of a graded course of carpentry, molding, and pattern making during the first year; forging, molding, and iron fitting during the second year; and during the first term of the third year machine-shop practice. The work in household art and science begins in the first year with a course of plain sewing and the preliminary parts of cutting and fitting. Drafting and dressmaking proper are completed during the first term of the second year. The rest of the second year is used for millinery. The third-year work of this department comprises cooking and a comprehensive course in the direct application of science and art in the household, including interior decorations and furnishings, heating, lighting, ventilating, and other sanitary conditions, and hygiene. TRADES AND TECHNICAL COURSES. At the beginning of the third year each student must elect one of the courses enumerated and must serve in it an apprenticeship of two years. All apprentices are required to meet one hour per week, either in a body or in sections, for the purpose of discussing papers and reports to be submitted by individual members, somewhat after the seminary plan. The subjects of these reports are selected or assigned by the pupils themselves, as far as possible, and relate to manufacturing processes and devices, to topics from the history of art and industry, and to scientific subjects. Each report must be exhaustive, and will be placed before the class as clearly as possible by means of printed abstracts and the stereopticon, the presentation to be followed by a thorough discussion. All apprentices are given a brief course in political economy, commercial geography, physical geography, and United States history and government. The mathematical instruction for apprentices is different for different courses, as indicated under each course. Nearly all apprentices take one or more of the following: (1) Heat calculations, including a general study of transformations of energy; (2) theoretical mechanics and elementary kinematics; (3) strength of materials, graphical determinations, construction of trusses and beams, and problems of tensile strength and elasticity; (4) bookkeeping and business forms; (5) logarithms, and the use of tables in general; (6) plane and spherical trigonometry; (7) those who elect technical course No. 14 are required to review the entire subjects of algebra, geometry, and trigonometry, and to add such parts as are required for admission to the universities. Science work for apprentices is selected from the following: (1) Tests upon the school boiler and engine; (2) metallurgy of iron; (3) experimental mechanics; (4) use of microscope; (5) phenomena of combustion; (6) physical and chemical properties of foods; (7) adulterations; (8) sanitary chemistry; (9) chemistry of dyestus; (10) physics, sound, and light. The following is an outline of the shopwork and other instruction for apprentices in each department: 1. Carpentry.-Actual construction of cabinets, stairs, etc., and of a large model of frame house, in all its details; specifications, contracts, and estimates; ventilation, heating, plumbing, foundations, painting, and plastering; methods of manufacturing, seasoning, and preserving lumber; woodworking machinery and mill methods; building materials, their properties, prices, sources, etc.; mathematics, subjects numbered 2, 3, 4, 6, above; science, subjects numbered 3, 8, 10, 50 ze; Saturday excursions to mills and to buildings in course of construction. Each student enrolled in this course may be required to work as a helper on some building during the summer vacations, and at such other times as may seem advisable. 2. Pattern making.—Continuous work upon patterns from drawings executed by students in course 6, for machine parts to be molded by students in course 4, and upon similar work to be assigned by the instructor in charge; methods of manufac turing, preserving, and seasoning lumber; woodworking machinery; mathematics, 2, 4, 5, 6, above; science, 2, 10, above. 3. Forging. Continuous practice in forging difficult machine parts and structural ironwork; designing and execution, in conjunction with students in courses 4, 7, 8, and 9, of extensive architectural ornamental ironwork; estimates, contracts, specifi cations, etc.; properties, sources, and prices of material, etc.; mathematics, 1, 3, 4, 6, page 1078; science, 2, 3, 5, 10, page 1078; Saturday excursions to ironworking estab lishments. 4. Molding.—Casting from patterns made by students in coarse 2 of machine parts, to be finished by students in course 5; designing and execution in conjunction with students in courses 3, 7, 8, and 9 of architectural ornamental ironwork; practice in piece molding, molding in gelatin, wax, and sulphur, and by the lost-wax process for undercut work; mathematics, 1, 4, 6, page 1078; science, 2, 3, 5, 10, page 1078; Saturday excursions to ironworking establishments. 5. Machinist's course.-Finishing work on castings made by students in course 4; machine-shop practice in all its details; estimates, contracts, specifications, etc.; prop rties, sources, and prices of materials used; mathematics, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, page 1978; science, 1, 2, 3, 10, page 1078. 6. Machine drawing.-Execution of drawings for actual use in the pattern shop and elsewhere. Specifications and contracts; mathematics, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, page 1078; science, 1, 2, 3, 10, page 1078. 7. Architectural drawing.—A continuation of the execution of plans, elevations, details, and perspectives. Landscape drawing; history of architecture; designs for architectural ornament to be executed at the school in wood, iron, terra coita, al cement; specifications, contracts, estimates; ventilation, heating, plumbing, foundations, painting, and plastering; methods of manufacturing, seasoning, and preserving lumber; woodworking machinery and mill methods; building materials, their sources, properties, prices, etc.; mathematics, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, page 1078; science, 3, 10. Saturday excursions to buildings of recognized excellence of architecture. 8. Technical design.-This course will be necessarily restricted by the lack of facilities at the school for executing designs for oilcloths, fabrics, stained glass, wall paper, mural decorations, etc., but this defect will be corrected, as far as possible, by frequent visits to factories and by inquiries among manufacturers. Since the school itself will have means for executing designs in wood, clay, terra cotta, and iron, the fun lamental laws of design will be deduced from work done in these mateals. Excursions to museums, art exhibitions, etc.; chemistry of materials used, their properties, preparation, etc.; science, 10, page 1078. 9. Modeling. In this course the student may choose between a course of sculpture or one of industrial modeling. The former will include anatomy; copying of ornaments from casts, photographs, and natural objects; laws of composition and their application; figure modeling from casts, antique and life; low relief, high relief, and the round. The latter will include the different methods of molding, such as piece molding, molding in wax, sulphur, and gelatin, and by the lost-wax process; the reproduction of modeled objects in preservable materials, such as iron, bronze, terra cotta, cem nt, marble, etc.; designing and execution of more or less extensive projects of architectural ornament, in conjunction with students of courses 3, 4, 7, and 8. Chemistry of materials used; mathematics, 6, pago 1078; science, 10. 10. Wood carving.-Designing and manufacture of chairs, tables, frames, cabinets, and other pieces of furniture, and the execution of architectural ornaments designed by students in courses 7 and 8. Methods of manufacturing, seasoning, and prerving lamber; oiling, varnishing, etc.; history of art and architecture; excursions to museums, art exhibitions, etc.; mathematics, 4, 5, 6, page 1078; science, 10. 11. Cookery.-A continuation of the third year's course of cooking from a more scientine standpoint. More advanced processes, as canning, preserving, pickling, desserts, ice creams, etc.; cooking for invalids; physiological considerations and natritive values; preparation of menus; table decorations; mathematics, 1, 4, page 1078; science, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. 12. Dressmaking.-Designing and manufacture of tea gowns, princess dresses, tator-finished suits, jackets, children's garments, etc.; history of costume; study of drapery sketching; hygienic principles; methods of manufacturing threads, ehs, and other materials used; excursions to manufactories; mathematics, 4, Page 1078; science, 9, 10. et 13. Millinery.-Covered hats and bonnet, crepe bonnets, shirred and velvet bats, manufacture of frames and braids; trimming with choice materials; history of costume; sketching; methods of manufacturing materials used; mathematics, 4, page 1078; science, 9, 10. 1. Preparatory for technical college course.-A thorough review of English, mathem ties, and science, to comply with the requirements for admission to the universities in the courses of civil, mechanical, electrical, and mining engineering. |