these classes, and precedes the woodwork. This course, including both woodwork and drawing, leads up to and through the advanced course taken up by the students' classes.

In this connection it may be profitable to present an analysis of the exercises embodied in the models, and also an analysis showing the interwoven application and recurrence of some exercises. The analysis illustrates the well-regulated repetition of the exercises, and that this repetition is performed under varied circumstances and on advanced work.

Each model represents a certain number of exercises. The models thus are the expressions of said set of exercises, and from the analysis is found that each model with its set of exercises is but a sequence of the preceding ones. It further shows the fact that every model exists only for the purpose of introducing new cognitions, new tools, new exercises in drawing and word wook, in an organic, progressive growth, keeping pace with the growth of mind and body of the student.

EQUIPMENT FOR MANUAL TRAINING.

Most of the shops and laboratories of the manual training department are located in the Polytechnic Hall, which is a two-story brick structure with a frontage of 140 feet on Fair Oaks avenue and 80 feet on Chestnut street.

The wood shop, which is located on the second floor, has been provided with 20 workbenches, at each of which 4 students can work daily. Every bench is provided with a drawer for each student who has occasion to use it, in which, under Yale lock, are placed the planes, chisels, and turning tools used by the student to whom that drawer is assigned. These tools are left to his care; for to sharpen and keep tools in proper condition for use involves probably as much skill as does their actual use. Accordingly, no two students are permitted to handle the same edged tools. Each bench has a set of tools which are used in common by four students during the day, and comprise the following: One try-square, 1 T bevel square, 1 foot square, 1 marking gauge, 1 pair of inside calipers, 1 pair of outside calipers, 1 pair of compasses, 1 block plane, 1 hammer, 1 mallet, 1 oil can, 1 oil stone, 1 backsaw, 1 handsaw, 1 rip-saw, 1 screw-driver, and 1 6-inch Coe's wrench. At the student's right hand on the bench is a 14-inch lathe while at the opposite end of the bench is placed his bench-stop and lightning-grip wood-worker's vise. The shop is supplied with a large band saw for cutting up stock, and also a fine fret saw. Besides these, the following, which are less often used, are at his disposal when needed: One combined rabbet, beading, and slitting plane, 1 plow plane, braces and bits, cabinet scrapers and files, carving chisels and veniers. He is thus equipped with all the appliances and tools necessary to do thorough work in joinery, turning, inlaying, and scroll sawing. A special pattern-maker's lathe and well-equipped bench are provided for the use of the instructor.

The forging room, situated on the first floor in the east wing of the Polytechnic Hall, is equipped for 23 pupils.

The furnishing consists of 5 nests of Buffalo quadruple forges and 3 single forges. Each forge has a telescopic hood. The fires are urged by a No. 9 pressure blower, and the room is kept reasonably free from smoke by a 60-inch exhaust fan.

The anvils are furnished with all necessary tools, such as hammers, hardies, swages, fullers, flatters, tongs, and squares. In addition to these tools for individual use, special sets of sledges, heading tools, set hammers, hot and cold cutting chisels, punches, calipers, taps and dies, drills, etc., are provided for general use. A hand blower, double emery grinder, combined hand and power drill, and 4 blacksmith Vises complete the furnishing of the room.

The equipment in the pattern shop is similar to that of the wood shop, but more extensive. In addition, it is provided with a well-equipped molding bench, where the students may test their patterns and gain some knowledge of the principles of molding. The adjoining lumber room contains a band saw and a scroll saw.

The machines in the machine shop, including a 55-horsepower engine, are of the latest style, having all the modern improvements.

The shop contains the following machines: A 24-inch by 6-foot "Powell" planer; a "Hendy" shaper, 15-inch stroke; a 24-inch "Prentiss Bros." drill; a Sigourney sensitive drill;" Brown & Sharp's" No. 1 Universal milling machine, with overhanging arm and universal milling head; a two-wheel emery grinder; a grindstone; a24-inch by 10-foot "Reed" lathe, with compound rest; a 16-inch by 8-foot "Reed" Jathe; four 14-inch by 6-foot "Reed" lathes, one of which has a taper attachment; two 14-inch by 6-foot Prentiss Bros." lathes; a 14-inch by 6-foot " Putnam & Sons'" lathe; a 14-inch by 6-foot "Hendey-Norton" lathe, which has the latest improvements for screw cutting, also a compound rest, and two 12-inch by 4-foot speed lathes. It contains a bench provided with six machinists' vises. In the tool room is an 8-inch by 32-inch Mosely & Company bench lathe.

The following is a partial list of tools in the tool room: One 24-inch, one 16-inch, ED 96- -34*

and three 12-inch four-jawed independent chucks; three 12-inch, two 9-inch, and one 6-inch three-jawed universal chucks; cutters, and mills, and attachments for the milling machine; a set of twist drills, front one-fourth inch to 14 inches by thirty seconds; from 1 to 2 inches by sixteenths, a set of hand reamers from one-fourth inch to 1 inches by thirty-seconds; a set of "Rose" reamers one-fourth inch to 1 inches by sixteenths; a set of taps and dies from seven-sixty-fourths to one-fourth inch by sixty-fourths and taps from one-fourth to 1 inch by sixteenths; a full set of dogs and two sets of arbors. Revolving frame contains calipers, squares, etc. Other tools are in the drawers and hung about the room.

The check system is used in giving out tools and the students in turn caring for the tool room.

The sewing and garment-making room is located on the first floor. It has been equipped with 4 large tables, furnished with a sufficient number of drawers to accommodate 3 classes of 16 members each in garment making. Seven Standard sewing machines, a patent gas iron heater, pressing boards, together with necessary needles, scissors, thimbles, scales, tapelines, etc., for the use of individual students, constitute the equipment of this department. Adjoining the main sewing room a retiring room for fitting purposes is provided.

The cooking room is located on the second floor, and is supplied with tables, upon which are gas stoves. Along either side of each table are the drawers, containing the caps, aprons, sleeve protectors, notebooks, etc., of the two young ladies assigned to work at that side of the table. A drawer contains cooking utensils, mixing and measuring dishes, stirring spoons, kitchen knives and forks, etc., while in the cupboard beneath is a full assortment of stove and kitchen furnishings. At either end of the table towels, lid lifters, etc., are hung. Two girls work at each stove, each student participating in every process called for in the instruction. A large dustproof cupboard, containing meal and flour bins, dish closets, etc., a large water heater and Lowe patent gas range, and a large refrigerator and cupboard for furnishings are also provided,

The sloyd department, located in the basement of the cast hall, is equipped with 20 sloyd working benches, each of which is provided with a set of high-grade cabinetmaker's tools; charts, models, blackboards, and cases divided in compartments, where students keep their work, material, drawing instruments, etc., are also pro

vided.

The work in clay modeling is carried on in a light, well-ventilated room on the main floor of east hall. The department is equipped with a fine selection of casts of ornament, 118 having been added this year. It is also furnished with a complete set of anatomical charts, besides the usual lockers, stands, etc., for clay work.

The department of wood carving occupies two rooms in cast hall, one of which is fitted with worktables, lockers with tools for students' use, and cases for exhibition of work. The instructor's private room adjoins this, and is used for special lines of advanced work. These rooms are fitted with a good selection of easts and charts, showing the various styles of historic ornament.

CHICAGO (ILL.) MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL.

[Statement of H. H. Belfield, director.]

This school, the first independent manual training school in the United States, is now in its thirteenth year. While its peculiar feature is manual training, it also furnishes thorough instruction in the essential studies of a high-school course, thus fitting its graduates for immediate entrance into active life, or for admission to higher institutions of learning.

The central idea in our instruction is educational. It is true, however, that the manual work has an industrial value, and that many of our pupils enter the school in order to fit themselves to earn a living, notwithstanding that we have, on every proper occasion, distinctly stated that the school does not teach a trade or trades. ALout 50 per cent of our graduates (and many pupils who do not graduate) enter upon life without further school instruction, many finding remunerative employment as draftsmen, designers, machinists' apprentices, and in other callings in which manual skill is necessary. About 50 per cent of our graduates continue their studies in higher schools, principally technological.

Our manual training work is obligatory upon all pupils.

This school is not connected with the public school system of the city or State, and does not receive funds from either. It is under the control of a board of nine trustees, who are elected by the Chicago Manual Training School Association, which association is composed exclusively of members of the Commercial Club of Chicago. The board of trustees is organized under a general law of the State. Our means of support are principally two: First, tuition, which averages $100 a year; second, income from an endowment of $50,000, a bequest to the school by the late Mr. John Crerar, a member of the Commercial Club and of the board of trustees until his death.

The average age of pupils entering is about 15 years of age; the average age of those graduating is about 18 years.

We aim to adopt the most approved methods of instruction, including laboratories for physics and chemistry. Drawings are made from models, casts, machinery, etc. The shop work passes from exercises to constructive work as soon as possible; the interest of pupils being better sustained in this way than by mere exercises. Among the latest material products of the school are a large gap lathe (1,500 pounds weight) and a tower clock with Westminster chime of steel bars. Manufacture, however, is subordinate to education.

The cost of the plant is about $125,000. The expense of maintenance about $25,000 a year.

We believe that manual training has its effect upon other studies, both directly and indirectly. For instance, the drawing and shopwork assist to a better understanding of geometry, physics, and chemistry. They assist also, we believe, in the development of clearer habits of thinking, and contribute to the development of the judgment and will power to an extent not reached by the study of mere books. We have found that the influence of manual training is to retain pupils in school longer than they would otherwise stay.

The experience of more than twelve years confirms iny belief that manual training is an important part of education; that it has a purely pedagogic value. An examination of the curriculum of this school will show that it makes as great demands upon its pupils as does the usual high-school course, in academic work, in addition to shopwork and drawing. That this academic work is as well done as similar work is done in nonmanual training schools can be proved by the testimony of college officers. It is true, however, that the daily school hours of this school are about ninety minutes longer than the usual high-school hours; and it is believed that manual training school pupils devote more time to their school duties than do pupils in nonmanual training high schools.

Occupations of graduates.-In schools of technology, 105; of literature, 35; of law, 11; of medicine, 5-156. In manufacturing establishments, as designers, 7; as foremen, 12; as draftsmen, 27; as machinists, 12; as electricians, 8-66. Engineers, mechanical, civil or electrical, 38; superintendents and managers, 53; teachers, 14; lawyers, 7; architects, and in architects' offices, 10; clerks, bookkeepers, salesmen, etc., 115; miscellaneous, 14; unknown, 27; deceased 11; total, 511.

Courses of study.-I. Business. II. Technological-Continued.

First year.-Arithmetic, Latin, United States history, English language. Second year.-Algebra: Geometry. Cæsar: Latin prose. lish classics.

Third year.-Geometry: Physics. Virgil: Latin prose. lish classics.

Greek or history. Eng-
Greek or French. Eng-

Fourth year.-Algebra, Cicero, Greek or French, English classics, Greek and Roman history.

The drawing and shopwork of the second, third, and fourth years will be the same as in the junior, middle, and senior years, respectively. The drawing and shopwork of the first preparatory year will be less in amount. The exact amount will be governed by circumstances.

In the senior year the pupils have choice of either machine or architectural drawing.

Throughout the course one hour each day is given to drawing, and from one and a half to two hours each day to shopwork. The remainder of each school day is devoted to study and recitation.

Equipment. The equipment of the mechanical department of the school is mainly as follows:

Wood rooms: 48 carpenters' benches; 7 cabinetmakers' benches; 24 speed lathes; 1 pattern-makers's lathe, 42-inch swing, 8-foot bed; 2 circular saws; 1 band saw; 1 planer; 2 grindstones; bench, lathe, and general tools.

Foundry: 2 brass furnaces; crucibles, troughs, flasks, trowels, rammers, sieves and other apparatus.

Forge room: 30 forges; 30 anvils; 1 drill press; 1 emery wheel; 1 shears; 3 vises; tongs, hammers, fullers, flatters, swages, etc.

Machine shop: 17 engine lathes, from 14-inch swing, 6-foot bed, to 20-inch swing, 8-foot bed; 2 speed lathes; 1 planer, 6-foot bed; 1 shaper; 1 drik press; 1 sensitive drill; 1 universal milling machine; 1 cutter grinder; 1 upright 8-horsepower steam engine, for tests; 1 grindstone; 1 emery grinder; 24 benches; 24 vises; lathe and vise tools, such as chucks, boring bars, taps, dies, hammers, chisels, files, etc.; also 1 forge, 1 anvil.

Power is supplied by a Corliss engine of 52-horsepower and by two steel boilers.

Weeks.

MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL OF WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY, ST. Louis, Mo.

[Statement of C. M. Woodward, director.]

The St. Louis Manual Training School is a subdepartment of Washington University. Besides the usual college or literary department, the university contains six professional schools, all of high grade. There are three subdepartments: An academy for girls, a classical school for boys, and the manual training school.

The manual training school is a secondary or preparatory school between the district or grammar school on the one hand and the high-grade engineering school on the other. It was organized to effect several ends:

(1) To furnish a broader and more appropriate foundation for higher technical education.

(2) To serve as a developing school where pupils could discover their inborn capacities and aptitudes, whether in the direction of literature, science, engineering, or the practical arts, while securing a liberal elementary training.

(3) To furnish to those who looked forward to industrial life opportunity to become familiar with tools, materials, drafting, and the methods of construction, as well as with ordinary English branches.

The central idea is intellectual growth and development-the more healthy such growth and the more complete such development the better is the student prepared for whatever he may undertake after leaving the school. This is especially obvious if he enter upon higher technical study, or if he enter industrial life. Of late I have noticed that many graduates of several years' standing have taken up the study of law and medicine. This result has been somewhat of a surprise.

No student is allowed to enter the manual training school except upon the understanding that he takes all the manual training (shopwork and drawing) in regular order, and that last catalogue states that "Under no circumstances will a student be permitted to enter upon the shopwork of a higher grade while he is deficient in the academic work of the lower."

The St. Louis Manual Training School has an invested endowment of about $115,000, the income of which enables the school to offer annually between fifty and sixty free scholarships. The full tuition fees for the three years are as follows: $75, $100, $120.

The average age of pupils entering the school is about 15 years. I do not regard any of our work as unique unless it is this: The instruction in tool work is systematic and regular; our teachers do not hesitate to teach the best methods and the proper appliances in manual training any more than they do the best methods and proper appliances in drawing, physics, Latin, algebra, history, and English composition. I have noticed in many schools a disposition on the part of the shop teachers to encourage pupils to find out for themselves what tools to use and how to use them. I regard the practice as unscientific, unphilosophical, and wasteful in the extreme. This unscientific style of conducting manual training is sometimes defended on the ground that it is desirable to encourage originality and free development. I do not find that careful teaching destroys opportunity for such desirable results. On the contrary, I find that judicious instruction stimulates and expands the intellectual powers far more than the inevitable failures and waste of time which result from attempts to rediscover and reconstruct all the principles and appliances for manual work.

The course of instruction covers three years, and embraces five parallel lines, as follows:

First. A course of pure mathematics, including arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and Some trigonometry.

Second. A course in science and applied mathematics, including zoology, botany, chemistry, physics, and mensuration.

Third. A course in language and literature, including English grammar, spelling, rhetoric, composition, literature, history, and the elements of civic and political economy. Latin, French, and German are introduced as electives with a part of the English and science.

Fourth. A course in free-hand and instrumental drawing.

Fifth. A course of tool instruction, including joinery, wood carving, wood turning, molding, pattern making, brazing, soldering, forging, and bench and machine work in metals.

During the second and third years of the course an average of two hours per week is devoted to systematic instruction and practice in military drill.

FIRST YEAR.

Algebra (four hours a week for the year): Fundamental processes, factoring, fractions, equations of one and of two unknown quantities, and problems involving the same. Text-book: Well's Academic Algebra.