mill. (5) Book rack. (6) Picture frame. Symmetrical form work: (7) Dough spade. (8) Hammer. (9) Vase. Irregular form work: (10) Knife. (11) Hatchet. Sering. (Girls.)-Careful attention should be given to correct use of utensils, as well as to neatness of work.

Stitches: All the stitches of the previous grades should be practiced; herringbone or catstitch taught; particular attention should be given to making buttonholes, gathering and sewing gathers, sewing on buttons. In addition, patching (involving the use of plaid, striped, and figured cloth) should be taught.

Cutting: Particular attention should be given to cutting patches and preparation of cloth for patch.

Material: See fourth year.

SEVENTH GRADE.

Woodwork.-Bench work, involving use of bench and a complete set of the principal hand wood-working tools.

Exercises: Laying out work, measuring, squaring, gauging. Sawing, rip, crosseat, oblique, and back sawing. Planing, edge, surface, smooth, oblique, block, joint, convex, jack board, rabbet, and groove planing. Chiseling, vertical, horizontal, oblique, convex, concave, groove, rabbet, and gauge chiseling. Boring, vertical, horizontal, brad awl, and countersink boring. Securing work, nailing, screwing, and gluing. Finishing, scraping, filing, and sandpapering. Drawing: Working drawings to scale.

Models: (1) Tool rack. (2) Cutting board. (3) Flowerpot stand. (4) Flowerpot stool. (5) Coat hanger. (6) Bench hook. (7) Keyboard. (8) Towel roller. (9) Frame. (10) Box.

Sewing. (Girls.)-Particular attention should be given to neatness of work. Stitches: All the stitches of previous grades to be practiced; most attention to be given to the stitch in which pupils are least proficient; teach darning.

NOTE. This will only be pleasing when pupils are able to do it well. Teach feather stitch; hemstitching, at discretion of teacher.

EIGHTH GRADE.

Woodwork.-Work of the seventh year continued.

Drawing: Working drawings from description. Principles upon which working drawings are based. Models: (11) Pen tray. (12) Picture frame. (13) Drawing board. (14) Knife box. 1) Spoon. (16) Book rack. (17) Tool chest.

sivce.

Cooking. (Thirty-four lessons.) (1) Fire building, definitions, measuring. (2) Broiling-steak, chops, meat cakes. (3) Baking-croutons, potatoes, bread crumbs. Boiling-potatoes, eggs, mashed potatoes, potato cakes. (5) Toasting-dip toast, milk toast, egg vermicelli. (6) Baking-apples, crackers, cheese, cracker brewis. 7 Boiling-meats, beef tea, gravy. (8) Warming over meats-minced meat on toast, scalloped mutton, tomato sauce, rissoles. (9) Steaming-oatmeal, apples, potatoes, hasty pudding. (10) Bread and biscuit. (11) Griddlecakes, corn-meal cakes, breakfast puts. (12) Muffins, brown bread, baking powder. (13) Graham gems, baking-powder biscuit, corn cake. (14) Beef stew, dumplings, apple pudding, plain (15) Gingerbread, plain cookies, soft-molasses cookies. (16) Soup stock, tomato soup, potato soup, croutons. (17) Soups-mixed, vegetable, tomato, rice. 18 Warming over potatoes-lyonnaise, creamed, princes, in white sauce. (19) Pastry-apple pie, custard pic. (20) Frying-croutons, fishballs, doughnuts. (21) Frying-croquettes, fresh fish, fritters. (22) Sauteing veal, French toast, potato tornovers. (23) Stewing-cranberries, prunes, apricots, apples. (24) Beveragescocoa, chocolate, coffee, tea. (25) Salt meats-frizzled beef, creamed codfish, corned beef. (26) Hash, mead souffle, cottage pie. (27) Baked fish, stuffing, drawn butter sauce, trying out fat. (28) Simple puddings-cornstarch, chocolate, bread, hard sance. (29) Cheese souffle, macaroni and cheese, cheese puffs. (30) Omelets and various ways of cooking eggs. (31) Steamed puddings-plain suet, ginger suet, fruit suet, lemon sauce. (32) Invalid cooking. (33) Salads. (34) Cake.

MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOLS.

FIRST YEAR.

Shop practice.-Wood working: Bench work, sawing, planing, mortise, tenon, dovetailing, doweling, joining, cabinetwork, simple carving, plain and ornamental turning, chuck, and face plate work, scroll sawing, pattern making, molding and casting in a light form.

Drawing.-Geometrical drawing, principles of projection, simple developments of surfaces, mechanical and free-hand working drawings, sketching, free-hand perspective design, lettering-25 plates.

SECOND YEAR.

Shop practice.-Metal working: Forge work, forging, bending, drawing, upsetting, punching, cutting and welding iron; ornamental ironwork-forging welding, tempering, and annealing steel. Machine work, vise work, chipping, filing, scraping, and work on speed lathe.

Drawing.-Geometrical drawing, intersections of solids, isometrical drawing, details of machines from measurement, mechanical perspective, line shading, design, architectural drawing, ornament, water color in flat washes, lettering-20 plates.

THIRD YEAR.

Shop practice.-Metal working: Machine work, turning, boring, drilling, planing, screw-cutting, tool making. Study of mechanics: Design, construction, steam engine and boiler.

Drawing.-Geometrical drawing, projection of shadows, machine drawing, including the laying out of belt motions, screws, gears, cams, etc., tracings and blue prints, pen sketching, lettering-12 plates.

TOLEDO, OHIO.

TOLEDO MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL.

[From the Tenth Annual Report of the Directors, 1894-95.]

The organization of this school was made possible through the bequest of a citizen of Toledo, the late Jesup H. Scott. Mr. Scott had, during his life, an intense appreciation of the value of trained intelligence in industrial affairs. It was also his desire to elevate labor and the laboring men to a higher plane, and clothe both with more dignity and respect. For these reasons he had cherished the idea of founding, at some time, a university of arts and trades. A short time before his death Mr. Scott matured his plan of the Toledo University of Arts and Trades, and conveyed to trustees of the same, as an endowment fund, valuable lands lying adjacent to the city of Toledo. This fund was afterwards greatly increased by gifts by the sons of Mr. Scott. Mr. William H. Raymond also generously contributed to the fund a sum of $15,000. But in 1884, owing to some adverse circumstances, the trustees found they would be unable to realize the purposes of the donors on the projected scale, and so made a tender of the entire university property to the city of Toledo on condition that the city would assume the trust under the powers and obligations imposed by the statutes of Ohio.

In March, 1884, the common council of Toledo accepted the trust in behalf of the city, a new board of trustees was appointed, and the department of manual training was organized as a part of the public school system, to be managed jointly by the university trustees and the board of education. In October, 1884, the manual training work began in an experimental way in the rooms of the high school building. The work began with a class of 60 boys and girls, under the instructions of but one teacher. For the first year the only studies pursued were carpentry or light woodwork, and free-hand and mechanical drawing. But so popular and useful seemed the work, and so eager were others to enter upon it, that it became necessary greatly to enlarge the facilities for these studies.

The school is now completing its tenth year of work. It has proved itself useful and popular, and may be regarded as having passed beyond the experimental stage of its history and become a fixture in the educational system of Toledo.

EXPENSES.

For the residents of Toledo instruction in the manual training school is free like the other public schools, a small charge for material only being made as follows: The first year, $6; the second, $7.50; the third and fourth years, $9 each; payable in three installments at the beginning of the fall, winter, and spring terms.

For nonresidents of Toledo, tuition, including high school fee and regular material fee, is charged as follows, payable in the same manner as above: For the boys, first year, $45; second year, $60; third and fourth years, $75 each. For the girls, first and second years. $15 each; third and fourth years, $60 each.

The work of the student is the property of the school, but may be given to the pupil at the discretion of the superintendent.

THE BUILDING AND EQUIPMENTS FOR MANUAL INSTRUCTION.

The building for manual instruction is 60 by 120, and four full stories in height. The drafting rooms occupy the fourth floor of the east half of the building and onehalf of the west wing on the ground floor. These rooms are admirably lighted and

fitted with blackboards, drawing tables, and closet racks, so that the pupils have each a place to put away their work, as class after class successively occupy the rooms. As drawing is the foundation for almost every species of correct mechanical work, students of the manual school continue to work in these rooms from the beginning to the end of their school course.

The woodworking department occupies two rooms, one on the third and one below it on the second story, each 40 by 55 feet. The former contains 1 jig saw, 12 heavy double work benches, with full sets of tools for each pupil, and is equipped to accommodate four classes of 24 students each per day. The second-floor room contains the same equipment as the third-floor room, and in addition 24 improved woodturning lathes and 1 emery grinder. The former room receives the boys of the firstyeir course, and the latter the boys of the second-year course. A complete equipent of belting and gearing moves all the saws and lathes in the woodworking

The wood-carving and clay-modeling room is 40 by 27 feet, has plenty of light, and is equipped with 12 suitable benches, with racks and cases designed especially for wood carving and clay modeling. As in all other departments, each pupil has his own tools and drawer.

The forging room occupies the whole of the ground floor on the east side, and is a room 40 by 55, 12 feet high. The room is well lighted and is equipped with 18 forges and anvils, with all needed tools for each, and benches, vises, grindstones, emery stones, etc. A system of galvanized-iron pipes is over all the forges, and a large exhaust fan ventilates into large chimneys. The forge blast is obtained by means of a power blower.

The machine shop is a room 40 by 55, 12 feet in height. It has an equipment of 8 Patuam engine lathes, 2 speed lathes, 2 drill presses, a good-sized planer, a shaper, an excellent universal milling machine, 1 power hack saw, an emery grinder, and a grindstone. Vises of the most improved pattern are fixed upon benches placed. under the windows of the room.

In the domestic economy department, opposite the drawing rooms on the fourth floor, and occupying the whole of the west half of the building, are the cooking and textile-fabric rooms, lighted by side and skylight, warmed by steam, and perfectly ventilated.

The cooking room is equipped with two large ranges and 2 gas cooking stoves, 5 double tables, each made to accommodate 4 pupils; each pupil has her own table space for work, and a small gas stove on the table between each two, the accommodations being for classes of 20. Each table has 4 drawers, and cupboards below for all essential utensils. At the end of the room are pantry closets and a commodious wash room, with all conveniences for girls, including individual closets for each to keep aprons, clothes, etc.

The textile-fabric room is equipped with furniture and appliances for teaching domestic handiwork in the cutting and making of garments, house furnishing, hand and machine sewing, etc.

The boiler and coal room is under the sidewalk of Tenth street, in a vaulted room especially adapted to the purpose. The boiler is a 70-horse power steel tubular, and furnishes power to run the engine and steam to heat the entire building. A -horsepower Ball engine, the source of power for all the shops, occupies a place in the main hall on the ground floor, and instruction is given the pupils in the use and care of the boiler and engine in all their details; and these, as well as the force pump, feed water, heater, hot-water receiver, and steam apparatus, are all used to illustrate the generation and application of steam.

COURSE OF INSTRUCTION.

First year.-Language: Composition; English classics, Latin, French, or German. History: Ancient. Mathematics: Geometry, algebra. Science: Physical geography, commercial geography, and bookkeeping. Drawing: Free-hand and instrumental working drawings, free-hand perspective, cast drawing, illustrative drawing, Manal work: For boys, bench work in wood, clay modeling; for girls, sewing and cooking, clay modeling.

Sond year.-Rhetorical analysis; English classics, Latin, French, or German. History: English and general. Mathematics: Solid geometry, algebra. Science: Faysiology, botany, and physics. Drawing: Instrumental drawing, cast drawing, bistoric ornament; sketches in pencil, free-hand and pen and ink; illustrative drawing. Manual work: For boys, wood turning, pattern making, foundry molding; for girls, dressmaking, hygiene, home nursing, cooking.

Third year.-Language: English literature; essays, Latin, French or German. History: American. Science: Physics, with laboratory practice. Mathematics: Trigonometry and higher algebra, or business arithmetic and accounts. Drawing: Free-hand and instrumental drawing, charcoal drawing, design; water color,

sketching. Manual work: For boys, forging, chipping, filing, machine construction; for girls, purchasing household supplies, cooking, chemistry of cooking, garment cutting and making.

Fourth year.-Language: English literature, debating, public speaking, Latin, French, or German. History: Political. Civics: Political economy. Mathematics: Mechanism, steam, strength of materials. Science: Chemistry, with laboratory practice; home sanitation. Drawing: Free-hand and instrumental drawing, charcoal drawing from the antique; design, water color, sketching. Manual work: For boys, machine shop, steam and electrical engineering; for girls, cutting, making, and fitting of garments, millinery, household decorations, typewriting, stenography.

INSTRUCTION IN DETAIL.

DRAWING AND ART.

First year.-Free-hand perspective; pencil sketching from still life; charcoal drawing from still life and ornament; history of design, with practical work in color; historic ornament in color and pen and ink; clay modeling from ornament. Second year.-Perspective sketching of interiors and exteriors; pencil sketching from still life and nature; pen-and-ink rendering; elementary water color from still life; interior decoration; charcoal drawing from masks; clay modeling-heads.

Third year.-Sketching from life and costumed figure; pencil sketching from nature; charcoal drawing from heads and full-length figure; advanced water color; clay modeling from full-length figure; history of art.

Fourth year.-Charcoal drawing from life-head; water color from nature; charcoal drawing from full-length figure; sketching from life and costumed figure; penand-ink sketching; clay modeling from life; anatomy-history of art.

DRAWING AND SHOP WORK FOR BOYS.

WOODWORK.

Drawing.-Free-hand work on blackboard, such as sketches from objects, studies of geometrical surfaces and solids; lettering; free-hand pencil work, drawing from objects, parts of machines; homemade sketches once a week of simple, familiar objects; working drawings in pencil for shop use, consisting of simple projections and figures; pen lining and use of ink; geometrical figures; geometrical problems; mechanical lettering; rigured sketch of a simple machine or piece of joinery; tracing and blue print.

Carpenter shopwork.-Care and proper use of tools; exercise in sawing and planing; making mortise and tenon, square and oblique dovetails, scarf and keyed joints and braces--in all about 30 exercises; turning, roughing down" straight, concave and convex surfaces; ornamental hard-wood turning, tool handles, rosettes, dumbbells, pattern making, etc.; cabinetwork, ornamental picture frames, models, fancy workboxes, tables, bookcases, etc. Each pupil works from drawings made by himself in drafting exercises.

FORGING.

Drawing.-Shop drawings in ink, figured; problems in oblique projection; isometric projection; shade and shadow; mechanical perspective; development of surfaces; pencil sketch, figured, of machine or architectural work; tracing and blue print; homemade sketches once a week in pencil.

Blacksmith shopwork.—Care of tire; exercises in drawing out, upsetting, bending, twisting, punching, welding iron; tempering steel, staples, nails, hooks, rings, T's, hatchets, fire shovels, punches, chisels, bolts, lathe tools, blacksmith tongs, wrenches, lathe dogs, flatters, swages, hammers, screw drivers, etc.-all from drawings made by pupil himself in drafting exercises.

MACHINE WORK.

Drawing.-Shop detail drawing; sketches and working drawings from measurement of machine or architectural work; general plan, elevation, etc., worked up from details; tracings and blue printing.

Machine shopwork.-Use and care of machinery; exercise in chipping, filing, and finishing cast and wrought iron; boring, turning, planing, drilling, milling, and grinding; making reamers, taps, drills; work on triple-expansion steam engine. Drawings made by pupils whenever possible.

During the year trips of inspection are made to various foundries, forge shops, and rolling mills.

DOMESTIC ECONOMY.

SEWING.

The educational value of sewing, training the eye and hand, developing ingenuity, precision, patience, and industry, cultivating good taste, love of beauty, and appropriateness of dress make it an approved means of all-around culture, while the case with which it is introduced as an exercise into the regular class room, and the small cost of material and instruction, give it some advantage over other forms of manual training. The following outline indicates the course of instruction:

Hand work.-Basting, running, backstitching, overcasting, hemming, damask hem, reversible seam, fell, overseaming, flannel seam, ruffle, patch, darning, buttonholes, glove mending.

Machine work.-Use and care of the machine, hemming, tucking, gathering; patterns made from actual measurements; cutting and making of drawers, skirts, and nightgowns; instructions concerning manufacture of pins, thread, cotton, linen, etc.

DRESSMAKING.

Dressmaking is taken by pupils of the senior high-school class. To enter this grade the pupils are required to have taken the work in sewing of the junior year. The time given to dressmaking is one hour and a half each day during the school year. When a pupil finishes her work before the rest of the class, she is allowed to do extra work. No work is required to be done at home. Practice material and the appliances with which to work are supplied by the school, and the garments are selected and furnished by the pupils. Two girls work together and each one is responsible for the measuring and fitting of the other's dress.

First term.-Making buttonholes with twist; sewing on buttons, hooks and eyes, and loops; talks on choice of material, color and designs for dresses; taking measures for skirt; drafting a skirt; making a dress skirt of plain material; taking measures for a basque; drafting a basque; making a basque of plain material; taking measures for a sleeve; drafting a sleeve; making sleeves for the basque; examination; sketching objects in outline and in light and shade; sketching from life.

Scond term.-Talks on the nature and manufacture of woolen textiles; cutting from patterns; making stripes and figures; making a dressing jacket or basque to apply matching; drafting a waist with two under arm pieces; planning a princess dress; talks on the growth and manufacture of silk; sketches, in water color and pencil, of gowns.

Third term.-Make a dress; talks on the manufacture of cloth; examination; making a wash dress and shirt waist; examination; designing of costumes.

COOKING.

The design of this course is to furnish thorough instruction in applied housekeeping and the sciences relating thereto, and students will receive practical drill in all branches of housework; in the purchase and care of family supplies, and in general household management; but will not be expected to perform more labor than is actually necessary for the desired instruction.

The social, hygienic, and economic questions involved in such instruction are of the greatest practical concern, and it is believed that the careful and systematic teaching needed in this branch of study will yield the best possible educational results.

In the high-school classes four practice lessons and one in the theory and chemistry of cooking are given each week. The practice lessons include all the operations of a kitchen, and cover the following instruction and practice: (1) Boiling, (2) baking, (3 broiling, (4) frying, (5) mixing.

1. Boiling.-Boiling and simmering water and its action on starch and albumen. Practical application of facts thus learned to boiling of meats for soups, for stews, and to be served whole, to vegetables, eggs, and beverages.

2. Baking.-Bread raised with yeast. Bread raised with baking powder. Meats, p.es, puddings, cakes, vegetables, and fish.

3. Broiling.-Steaks, chops, fish, oysters, etc.

4. Frying.-Chemical and mechanical principles involved and illustrated in the frying of vegetables, fritters, croquettes, fish, etc.

5. Mixing. The art of making combinations, as in soups, salads, sauces, dressings, ice cream, ices, etc.

Pupils prepare and serve a complete breakfast, lunch, and dinner.

HOUSEHOLD SCIENCE, INCLUDING CHEMISTRY AND THEORY OF COOKING.

(1) Definition and illustration of physical and chemical changes. Study of elements and compounds. (2) Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, and sulphur;