HIGH-SCHOOL COURSE IN MANUAL TRAINING. First year.-Fall term: Academic studies: Algebra, zoology, English language and grammar. Tool work: Joint making, sandpapering, staining and varnishing, grinding and honing tools, lecture on grain of wood. Mechanical drawing. Winter term: Academic studies: Algebra, zoology, followed by physiology, English language and grammar. Tool work: Woodturning. Mechanical drawing. Spring term: Academic studies: Algebra, physiology, followed by botany, English language and grammar. Tool work: Wood turning, scraping, polishing, saw filing. Mechanical drawing. Summer term: Academic studies: Algebra, botany, English language and grammar. Tool work: Carving, lecture on kinds of wood and their uses. Mechanical drawing. Second year.-Fall term: Academic studies: Plane geometry, general history, botany, followed by physics. Tool work: Forging, welding, tempering. Mechanical drawing. Winter term: Academic studies: Plano geometry, general history, physics. Tool work: Soldering, brazing, lecture on kinds of metal and their uses. Mechanical drawing. Spring term: Academic studies: Plane geometry, general history, physics. Tool work: Pattern making. Mechanical drawing. Summer term: Academic studies: Plane geometry, general history, physics. Tool work: Molding, casting. Mechanical drawing. Third year.-Fall term: Academic studies: Rhetoric, higher algebra, chemistry, French or German (optional). Tool work: Chipping and filing metals. Mechanical drawing. Winter term: Academic studies: Rhetoric, followed by American literature, higher algebra, followed by solid geometry, chemistry, French or German (optional). Tool work: Turning, planing, and drilling metals; study of machinery. Mechanical drawing. Spring term: Academic studies: American literature, solid geometry, chemistry, and geology, French or German (optional). Tool work: Turning, planing, and drilling metals. Mechanical drawing. Summer term: Academic studies: American literature, solid geometry, geology, French or German (optional). Tool work: Machine construction. Mechanical drawing. ST. CLOUD, MINN. [Statement of S. S. Parr, city superintendent.] The schools of this city have a system of drawing, sloyd, paper folding, clay molding, etc. The leading lines are those of drawing and sloyd. These forms of training extend through the eight grades (nine years). The drawing includes the simple laws of perspective, a study of how objects appear to the eye and how they must be represented, the geometrical basis of form and drawing, the study of the simplest view of historic design, and the application of color in the representation of objects. The sloyd consists of whittling from the second to and including the sixth grades, and the use of the commoner tools in the seventh and eighth grades, for the production of some forty different models of towel holders, coat supports, brackets, rollingpins, etc. The immediate purpose is purely an educational one. It seeks to develop skill of hand and eye and acquaintance with the simplest principles of mechanical construction. These courses of instruction are supported the same as other teaching, by appropriations from the public-school funds. There is no charge for tuition. COURSE OF STUDY. First grade: Clay modeling, paper folding and cutting, color work, drawing. Third grade: Clay modeling, paper folding, cutting, and pasting, color work, drawings from objects, and whittling. Fourth grade: Same subjects as third. Fifth grade: Drawing, including shading, simplest laws of ornamentation, whittling simple models. Sixth grade: Same subjects as fifth. Seventh grade: Drawing, including shading and perspective, the use of saw, trysquare, square, jack and smoothing planes, auger and bit, spokeshave, chisel, rasp, shaving knife, gauge, sloyd knives and gimlet, working drawings. Eighth grade: Same as seventh, with addition of leading forms of historic ornament. The value of the plant (tools) is about $250. The effect of manual training has been to give added interest to the work; parents tell of mechanical things their children do, showing increased skill in constructive power. The high school and eighth grade now have more boys than girls, whereas before the opposite was true. The effect has been altogether helpful. The community is apparently well satisfied of the utility of what is attempted. ST. PAUL, MINN. From the Thirty-seventh Annual Report of the Board of School Inspectors, 1894-95.] AN OUTLINE OF WORK IN MANUAL TRAINING FROM FOURTH GRADE TO HIGH SCHOOL. Fourth grade.-Drawing: Use of drawing tools; extension and dimension lines; making free-hand and instrumental drawings of models constructed. Woodwork: Use of knife; cutting of straight line geometric designs, making articles useful in Lome, school, or play. Tools used: Knife, T square, 45° and 60-—30° triangles, 12inch scale. Some of the models are (1) oblong, (2) octagonal mat, (3) key tag, 4) Greek and Maltese crosses, (5) kite string reel, (6) match strike, (7) blotter, 6-inch rule, (9) hexagon, (10) 45° and 60°-30 triangles, (11) paper knife, (12) frame. Fich grade.—Drawings: Use of compasses, drawing and dimensioning an are; freehand and instrumental drawings of the problems to be executed in wood. Woodwork: Cutting convex and concave surfaces; finishing with sandpaper. Tools used: Knife, T square, 45 and 60-30 triangles, 12-inch scale and compasses. Models mae are (1) quatrefoil, (2) fish-line reel, (3) yarn winder, (4) pencil sharpener, 5 pen wiper, (6) calendar board, (7) keyboard, (8) match scratcher, (9) paper knife, 10 valise or key tag, (11) frame, (12) bracket. Sirth grade.--Drawing: First principles of orthographic projection; use of two views to express the facts of a model; making working drawing of the simple geometric solids and of the assembled problems to be constructed. Woodwork: Geometric solids; free-hand modeling with the knife; making of useful articles having more than one piece to a problem; assembling of parts; use of hammer and brads. Tools used: Knife, hammer, try-square, gauge, Tsquare, 45 and 60--30 › triangles, 12-inch scale and compasses. The models are (1) square prism, (2) cylinder, (3) sandpapering block, (4) pointer, (5) bracket, (6) casel, (7) pencil tray, (8) glove darner, (9) brush rack, (10 and 11) windmill. Sereath grade.-Drawing: Free-hand working sketches and working drawings of all exercises to be made. Woodwork: Use of chisel; making models illustrating the application of the simple joints used in practical wood working. Tools used: Knife, chisels, backsaw, hammer, mallet, try-square, gauge, file, T square, 45 and 60-303 triangles, 12-inch scale, compasses, and dividers. Models are (1) wedge, (2) bangle board, (3) toothbrush rack, (4) cross-lap joint, (5) match box, (6) inkstand, (7) bookstall, 8) T square and triangles. Eighth grade.-Drawing: Working drawings, full size or to scale; working sketches of pieces of apparatus to be used in school work; theory of projection. Woodwork: of plane; making useful articles and pieces of scientific experimental apparatus. Tools used: Knife, chisels, planes, saw, hammer, mallet, try-square, gauge, file, I square, 45 and 60-30 triangles, 12-inch scale, compasses, and dividers. Models made: (1) Ruler, (2) bill file, (3) box, (4) footstool, (5) box with partitions, (6) towel roller, (7) knife box. For the schools having no chisels and planes to do the regular seventh and eighth grade work a series of exercises in chip carving has been laid out, the construction and ornamentation being of such a nature that it can be done with the regular sixthgrade equipment. Some of the models that have been made in this series are (1) line cutting, (2) notches based on square, (3) notch pattern based on equilateral triangle, (4) flowerpot stand, (5) paper knife, (6) frame, (7) thermometer boards, (8) box, (9) knife, (10) blotter, (11) bread boards, (12) portfolio, (13) bookstall. In the fourth and fifth grades the drawing gives but one view of the model. In all grades a free-hand sketch is first made of the model, using as many views as is necessary to express the facts. The model is then analyzed step by step, and the dimensions thus obtained put on the sketch. From the data of the sketch the accurate working drawing is made. CAMDEN, N. J. [Statement of Mr. Horatio Draper, supervisor of manual training.] The central idea of this work with us is entirely an educational one as distinctive from technical or industrial, in the commercial sense. In the eight grades of our grammar and primary schools (four grades to each) we Eave a course laid down in manual training that is obligatory on teachers and pupils. The aim and basis of this course is form study-stick and tablet laying, color work, drawing with the straightedge and pen from the object, paper cutting, paper folding, cardboard, etc., constructions, geometric designs made of colored papers. Through the eight grades we use White's "New Course in Art Instruction." In addition to the above, on the girls' side we require a course in plain sewing, based chiefly on Hapgood's "Sewing in the Schoolroom." In the high school we have both young men and young women, ranging in age from 13 up to 17 years. We have a course of twenty-nine exercises in joinery for both sexes; a course in carving in wood with light tools, both sexes; a course in wood turning and pattern making-models and patterns of parts of steam engines, etc., anvils, tool handles, etc., for the young men only; a course in machine work-chipping, filing, scraping etc., young men only; a course in tin work-open cylinders, telescoping, plain seam and lap seam, cones, pyramids etc., and related forms, as cups, elbows, T joints, funnels, pans, etc., for young men only; a course in forging— drawing out, upsetting, welding, etc., for young men only. We have a full course in drawing, from the object-orthographic, isometric, and scenic projections, free designs, in ink, charcoal, etc., the use of colored washes; the study of color-arranging, matching, etc. We make use of the color wheel, and use colored inks and colored paper of a fine grade. Our wood-working class room is 41 feet long and 18 feet wide. It accommodates 24 papils at one time, the classes rotating between the academic class rooms and the manual-training class rooms. It contains 12 double benches, each bench supplied with planes of four sizes (block, smooth, jack, and fore), a set of chisels one-fourth inch up to 1 inch, a claw hammer, a screw-driver, a marking gauge, a 1-foot rule, a bench dog, and 1 12-inch backsaw. In common 2 cross-cut saws, 2 ripsaws, 1 gluepot, 14 dozen wooden cabinetmakers' clasps, 14 dozen iron clamps of different sizes, 1 grindstone, run by a 5-horse power C. & C. motor; 2 Crown power wood lathes, and a Victor power scroll saw. During the first year pupils are confined to the use of hand tools; they are not allowed to use the scrollsaw, miter box, or lathe. For carving we use Addis's sets of carving tools-12 tools to a box; each student is supplied. Our metal working class room is about 41 by 18 feet. It contains 3 long, double benches for machine work, supplied with 24 Parker vises with brass clamp. Each student is supplied with a cap chisel, flat chisel, 12-inch steel straightedge, 1 6-inch steel scale, 14-inch graduated steel try-square, 1 steel scribe, 1 steel scraper, 1 pair 5-inch spring calipers, 1 pair combination dividers, 1 12-inch flat bastard file, 18-inch hand bastard file, 1 dustbrush, 1 tool rack, 1 center punch, 1 bolt peen, (1 pound), hammer; general tools; 6 surface plates, 6 scribe gauges, 6 steel 12-inch protractors, and 6 oil cans. These benches and tools accommodate 24 students. For forging (the same room): Two 100-pound anvils, 2 Buffalo forges, 1 10-pound sledge, 2 pair close tongs, 2 pair hollow-bit tongs, 2 set hammers, 1 hardie, 1 grindstone (footpower), 1 truing device for same. Tinsmithery (in the same room): One bench, 18 by 2 feet, accommodating 6 students at a time; 2 double iron gas furnaces, one-half dozen tinner's mallets, 4 hand grooving tools, 3 riveting hammers, 2 pair 64-inch flat-nose pliers, one-half dozen 14-pound soldering irons. 3 pair plain dividers, one-half dozen scratch awls, 2 rivet sets and headers, 2 pair tinner's straight shears, 1 pair tinner's crooked shears, raising hammers, 2 beakhorn stakes, 1 creasing stake, 1 square stake, 1 creasing swedge, 1 Square-face swedge, 2 iron bench plates, 3 bottom stakes (1, 2, 3.) 1 hatchet blade, 1 hollow mandrel, 1 wire gauge, 2 pair round-nose pliers, 1 pair 5-inch cutting pliers, 2 pair 6-inch flat pliers, one-fourth dozen Chesterman's rules, 1 blow-horn stake, etc. Wense box tin, solder, muriatic acid, and zinc. We find the exercise in tin work useful in bringing into play geometric developments and sections. All exercises are constructed from drawings done by the students. The drawing room accommodates 24 students; it contains 24 adjustable drawing desks, racks for 145 drawing boards (25 by 20 inches), 1 rack for clay boards (12 by 6 inches), clay and plaster of paris. Manual training is kept up by the city and State-by special tax the city raises a certain amount, and the State appropriates a liko amount, only in no case will the State appropriate more than $5,000; and the money from both city and State can be used for no other purpose than manual training. ED 96 33* Pupils, with us, are required to furnish for themselves a box of drawing instruments and from two to three aprons. Manual training was started in Camden, February 4, 1891; from that time up to date our plant has cost us: Drawing, $719.90; modeling, $1,954.19; sewing, $1,231.75; metal work, $1,242.07; woodwork, $1,695.92; carving, $163.84. During the year ending June 30, 1896, 129 students were taught the higher grades of drawing in the manual training high school; 4,898 males and 5,339 females were taught the various exercises in modeling (including drawing) in the eight grades of the district schools of the city, and 239 boys and 3,174 girls were taught sewing. The cost of manual training for the city during the year, $7,603.98. Fifty-one young men and 78 young women were taught joining and carving in the manual training high school; 51 young men were taught metal work, including forging and tinsmithing, in the manual training high school. In sewing there is 1 lesson per week, of 60 minutes; in modeling two lessons per week, of 45 minutes each. By modeling we understand all construction work, of paper, cutting, etc., including color work; we have no clay work in the district schools. In the manual training high school two to four lessons per week, of 45 minutes each, in shop work. In drawing there are 4 lessons per week, of 45 minutes each. Since the introduction of manual training I have noticed a greater interest among parents in all school work; that we keep a certain class in school longer, and educate a certain element, at least, in accuracy, neatness, etc., that seemed beyond our reach under the old methods. By the manual exercises we awaken an interest in and get a hold on this clement. Once having roused an interest in the pupil the skillful teacher can and does carry that interest over to the ordinary class-room work. The number of discipline cases is fewer, and the degree of offense less. MONTCLAIR, N. J. [Statement of Randall Spaulding, city superintendent.] The object in all instruction in this department is disciplinary. It is not our aim to teach any trade, but simply to train the hand and the eye coordinately, and, through them, the mental faculties. We have no objection to teaching useful arts, but utility, in a commercial sense, is not our chief aim. Manual training is obligatory with all pupils of both sexes and in all grades until the high school is reached. The work is a part of our public school course for which, of course, no tuition is charged. Manual training in New Jersey is subsidized by the State, the State giving to the town each year a sum to be devoted to manual training, a sum equal to that which is raised for the same purpose by the town itself. The town in order to avail itself of the State subsidy must raise at least $500, while $5,000 is the maximum that can be received from the State. In the sixth to ninth grades inclusive, instruction is given by special teachers and in rooms suitably furnished for the purpose. We have two buildings. One is a one-story building about 25 by 50 feet and is used for carpenter work, wood-carving, lathe-work in wood and metal, and visework. About twenty-eight sets of carpenter tools are provided and an equal number of sets of wood-carving tools. Five wood lathes are furnished and the same number of metal lathes for turning, respectively, wood and metal; also a suitable number of vises. Our other building is of two stories. The first story includes (a) room for cooking and demonstration, (b) scullery, (c) dining-room. The second floor is devoted to advanced work in clay modeling and is suitably fitted up with closets, tables, and modeling tools. Value of plant, $8,000; annual expense of maintenance, $5,000. Interest and proficiency in other studies are, so far as I can judge, secured in quite as high degree as before the introduction of manual training. Students in certain branches, especially those that require the use of apparatus, derive a marked advan tage from their previous training of the hand and eye. I have no statistics concerning the effect of manual training upon the length of school life. I believe that the effect is not very marked in our town. The town is exclusively residential and a very large proportion of the pupils enter the high school. I have no statistics to prove it, but I hold the impression strongly that manual training has had the effect of turning many of our boys into such institutions as Stevens Institute and Columbia School of Mines; that is, into schools of engineering. |