The beginners (third grade) work on thin stock, the knife, rule, and file being the principal tools. No instruction in drawing on paper is given in this grade, as it is ficient to lay the lessons out on the stock used.

During the second year (second grade) three dimension stock is used, and after two or three preliminary lessons in drawing each pupil makes a concise working drawing from the model, being aided when necessary by the instructor. The plan is to have the drawing completed previous to the corresponding lesson in wood."

The third year (first grade) stock of three dimensions is used as in the preceding grade, but the work is harder, requiring more accuracy in laying out the work, and Finch more care in working to the lines. In this grade every lesson in the course is planned to be of some use to the boy when completed. The drawings in this grade, like those in the preceding grade, are made from a study of the model, but there is Finch more individuality to each drawing, as the plan is not to give general instruction, the instructor giving individual help when necessary.

During the year a turning lathe and an electric motor have been added to the equipment. As no class instruction can be given with one lathe, only those boys who desire to remain after hours receive instruction, and what has been given has been of a very practical nature, the object of the lathe being to have the boys keep the chisel handles, vise handles, etc., in repair. The grindstone has also been attached to the shafting and is driven by power.

The boys in the second grade are taught to stone their chisels, planes, etc., only, while those in the first grade are taught to grind as well as stone all the edge tools. During the last two years considerable time has been given to the study of the different kinds of woods in our own locality. A large wood collection has been added to the school by the boys. This work has proven very interesting to both instructor and boys.

4. There are two rooms, each equipped with 30 benches. Each bench has upon it 4 planes, 3 saws, 3 chisels, 2 files, 1 hammer, 1 brush, 1 mallet, 1 marking gauge, 1 level, 1 trisquare, 1 2-foot rule, 2 bits, 1 bit brace, 1 nail set, 1 screw driver, a drawing board, T-square, triangle, and a bench hook. Besides the bench equipment each room has a good equipment of special tools.

One of the rooms is in the fourth story of a school building, and is very inconvenient everyway. The other is on the first floor of another school building, and has every necessary convenience.

5. The cost of equipping the two rooms was $1,500. The annual expense is: Salaries, $2,300; cost of material and incidentals per year, about $100; total expense per year, $2.700. Average cost per boy, about $4.50.

6. The results of manual training in the class room have been very satisfactory, because it has helped to stimulate correct reasoning, has decreased truancy, and has served to keep boys in school longer.

BALTIMORE, MD.

BALTIMORE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE.

[Statement by John W. Saville, president.]

Manual training is intended merely as a stepping-stone to higher technical study. It does not aim to teach a trade, but does aim to give an insight into many. The central idea of such instruction is to develop all the faculties a youth may possess, whereas in a purely collegiate school we frequently find that there is no association whatever of theory and practice; in a manual training school the two go hand in

hand.

Owing to opposition, the promoters of manual training have not yet met with the success that they feel will one day crown their efforts. I boldly predict, however, that when that day does arrive, the superiority of the manual training school boy to the collegiate student can be easily demonstrated. My belief in this prophecy arises from the fact that in this system of instruction may be found the secret of true education; the mind should be stored with ideas, instead of words, using the latter only so far as they are needed to convey the necessary ideas to the mind.

The Baltimore Polytechnic Institute bears the same relation to the public-school system of Baltimore as do the other public schools. It is supported by the taxjavers, thereby making tuition free, excepting to nonresident students, who are obliged to pay a fee of $50 per year.

The completion of the entire course requires five years, two of which are devoted to preparatory work. During each year, except the last, the students work alternately in the metal and wood shops, spending half of the year in each shop. This is obligatory; the students have no choice in the matter. The final year they devote entirely to the construction of some one piece of machinery, such as a tripleexpansion engine, a steam pump, lathe, etc. This and the preparatory department constitute the principal unique features of our work.

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SCHEDULE OF STUDIES OF THE PREPARATORY DEPARTMENT.

First year (number of students, 195; average age, 13 years).-Language, reading, writing, arithmetic, algebra, geography, drawing, forty-five minutes each day; sketching from models; free-hand drawing; maps of Maryland and of the United States; woodwork, sixty minutes each day for twenty weeks; care and use of tools-make ten lessons; sheet-metal work, sixty minutes each day for twenty weeks; care and use of tools and charcoal furnace-make ten lessons.

Second year (number of students, 202; average age, 14).-Language, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, history of the United States, algebra, drawing, forty minutes each day; free-hand and maps; woodwork, sixty minutes each day for twenty weeks; care and use of tools-make ten lessons; metal work, sixty minutes each day for twenty weeks.

COURSE OF INSTRUCTION IN THE INSTITUTE.

First year (number of students, 150; average age, 15).—Arithmetic, algebra, geometry, spelling, reading, English grammar, historical essay, one per week; declamation, geography, map drawing, history of the United States, physics, physiology, German, writing, drawing, free-hand first half year, geometrical second half year; shop work, carpentry or wood turning and wood carving, blacksmithing, and the proper care and use of tools; lectures on materials and tools-one each week; military drill, once a week.

Second year.--(Number of students, 58; average age, 16).-Algebra, completed; geometry, first eight books; plane trigonometry; mensuration; oratory, delivering essays written by the students; English and American literature, lectures on rhetoric; history, general; physics, Peck's Ganot completed, and lectures with experiments; physical geography, completed; German; political economy, lectures; steam engineering, lectures, two each week; writing, notes on lectures and simple correspondence, arrangements of papers, ruling, etc.; drawing, architectural and mechanical; shop work, pattern making and molding or chipping and filing, boiler making and lectures; military drill once a week.

Third year.-(Number of students, 28; average age, 17).—Geometry, completed and reviewed, first half year; analytical geometry, elementary, second half year; trigonometry, plane and spherical; English composition, outlines, parts of composi tion, gathering materials for composition, arrangement of materials, etc.; English and American literature, completed; rhetoric, completed; extemporaneous speaking and journalism; chemistry; physics; German; steam engineering, with lectures; civil government, lectures; geology, lectures and field work; history, English; writing, notes and lectures; bookkeeping; drawing, mechanics and machine design; shop work, machine shop and decorative work; military drill once a week. Throughout the course, about one hour per day will be given to drawing, and one hour and a half per day to shop work. The remainder of the school day will be devoted to study and recitation.

EQUIPMENT.

The general scientific laboratories are very complete. They are substantially similar to those of other first-class institutions of like grade, and an enumeration of their contents here does not seem to be necessary.

LIBRARY.

The library is furnished with 1,839 volumes of scientific and English literary works and reports, besides nearly all the American scientific weeklies and monthlies for circulation among the instructors and students.

DEPARTMENT OF STEAM ENGINEERING.

This department is fitted up with forty lecture-room chairs. It contains a working model of the Worthington duplex steam pump, a model of the Campbell & Zell boiler, both of which were presented to the school by the patentees; a number of steam gauges and saiety valves, a hydrometer, a working model of a slide-valve engine (built by the students), a Tabor steam-engine indicator, a pantograph, a Coffin planimeter and specimens of the different kinds of riveted boiler plates.

COMMERCIAL DEPARTMENT.

A room has been fitted up with offices, etc., as a countingroom or bank, in which practical instruction is given in bookkeeping and banking. This department contains 18 typewriters, and the students are given instruction in this now almost

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essential branch of a commercial education. It also contains a mimeograph, a cyclostyle, and other duplicators, which the students are taught to use. The senior class will be divided up into firms, and each firm will conduct a general merchandise busiLess with the others, buying, selling, exchanging, and discounting notes, drawing up business forms, corresponding, banking, etc.

FIRST DRAWING ROOM (FREE HAND).

Drawing boards for

Drawing tables for 50 students at one time, or 300 per day. 3 students, models and copies, plaster cast of the human body, and ornaments.

SECOND DRAWING ROOM (MECHANICAL).

Drawing tables for 50 students at one time, or 300 per day. Drawing boards, T spares, triangles, and instruments for 300 students, models of fundamental, simple, and complex forms.

MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT.

First-Wood-working shops.-Twelve (double) carpenters' benches, for 24 students at one time, or 144 per day; five small turning lathes, five scroll saws, and one grindstone, with tools for 144 students. The bench tools consist of a jack plane, smoothing plane, foreplane, cross-cut saw, ripsaw, tenon saw, hand hammer, mallet, brace, 6 b.ts assorted sizes), bevel, 2-foot rule, 6 chisels (assorted widths), oilstone, drawing knife, spokeshave, try-square, brad awl, punch, chalk line, oil can, hand brush, bench hook, and note book and pencil.

Second-Wood-working shop.--Twenty-seven (double) carpenters' and cabinetmakers' benches for 54 students at one time, with tools, as in last-named shop, for 172 Lovs per day.

Pettern-making shop.-The pattern-making shop is on the south side of the second floor. Its dimensions are 20 by 64 feet. The equipment consists of 12 double benches and 2 single oues, 13 wood-turning lathes, 1 circular saw, 1 band saw, 1 band-saw fier, 1 jig saw, 2 grindstones, and an assortment of wood-working tools amply sufficient to instruct 25 students at one time, or 150 in each day.

Forge shop.-Located on the first floor, containing 1,609 feet floor space. Fitted with 14 power forges arranged around the four sides of the room. Placed in the center of the room is a power grindstone and bench fitted with 4 vises. The forge beds are 3 by 2 feet, a partition for coal, and furnished with blast from a No. 7 steam-pressure blower. Each forge is fitted with hood and piping, through which the products of combustion are carried off by a No. 6 B pattern exhauster. Placed conveniently to each forge is an anvil of 125 pounds weight, a slack tub, a tool rack containing sledge, hand hammer, tongs with jaws for holding various shapes of iron, hot and cold chisels, swedges, fullers, flatter, set hammer, hardie, heading tools, panches, callipers, and 2-foot rule.

SHEET-METAL WORKING DEPARTMENT.

Fitted out with a forge for brazing and annealing, with a sufficient number of benches and gas soldering-iron heaters to accommodate 25 students at one time, or 17) per day; 1 small cornice brake, 1 forming, 1 folding, 1 wiring, 1 beading, 1 turning, and 4 burring machines; 1 mandrel, 2 beak horns, 4 double-seaming, 1 conductor, 4 square face, 2 blow-horn, 1 creasing, 1 candlestick mold, 2 needle-case, 2 lettom, 2 round head, and 2 hatchet stakes; shears, riveting hammers, raising hammers, chisels, squares, mallets, rivet sets, steel punches, compasses, soldering irons, and grooving tools; dividers, lead blocks for punching sheet metal, wooden rules, flat chisels, and 6 bench vises.

MACHINE SHOP.

No. 1 Brown & Sharpe universal milling machine with overhanging arm; 124-inch swing by 12-foot engine lathes with table for cylinder, being built by Draper Machine Company; 8 10-inch swing by 31-foot bed engine lathes, made by W. C. Young & Co.; 4 10-inch swing by 4-foot bed engine lathes, made by F. E. Reid; 112-inch swing by 5-foot bed engine lathe, made by W. C. Young & Co.; 4 14-inch swing by 6-foot bed engine lathes, and 1 15-inch swing by 8-foot bed engine lathe, made by Prentice Bros.; 1 16-inch swing by 9-foot bed engine lathe, made by W. C. Young & Co.; 1 engine lathe 8-foot bed by 14-foot swing, built by students of the institute, class 1894; 1 metal planer 18 inches square; 1 24 by 24 by 6 foot planer; 1 universal cutter and reamer grinder; 150,000-pound testing machine (Riehle); planer Is by 18 by 4 foot table, made by Putnam; 1 Biskford radial drill; drills to center of circle, 5 feet 9 inches; 120-inch wheel feed drill press; 26-inch Boynton & Plummer shapers, and 1 shaper 15-inch stroke; 1 double emery grinder for 10-inch wheels (dry); 124-inch Barnes's water emery grinder; 1 Worcester twist-drill grinder, style

B; 1 24-inch grindstone and trough; 30 vises and benches for same; 1 set pipe tools, from one-eighth inch to 2 inches; one 12-inch 3-jaw combination chuck; 37-inch 3-jaw combination chucks; 3 4-inch 3-jaw scroll chucks; drill chucks, twist drills, tap reamers, files, chisels, hammers, scales, squares, etc., for 150 students. These shops were fitted up by the students and instructors.

Power is supplied by 2 Campbell & Zell boilers, and a 25-horsepower horizontal direct-acting steam engine (of 9-inch diameter of cylinder and 14-inch stroke of piston) built by the members of the graduating class of 1893.

The value of our plant is $60,000. The annual expense of maintenance is $30,000. The study of manual training seems to increase the desire of the learner to pursue other studies. Seeing, each day, in the mechanical department, the practical application of the rules which they are taught in the academical department, it is but natural that they should take an equal interest in both theory and practice.

NIGHT CLASSES.

In October, 1891, the board of school commissioners authorized the opening of night classes to meet the desires of students who were unable to attend the day school. Classes were organized in arithmetic, algebra, bookkeeping and penmanship, mechanical and free-hand drawing, carpentry, spelling, typewriting, stenography, and electricity.

The classes in drawing and bookkeeping have been very large. The efforts of the students have been enthusiastic throughout, and they have shown great appreciation of their privilege.

The experiment has been very successful and the continuance of these classes is assured. The classes meet on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday nights of each week. The total number in attendance during the year has been 759.

SEWING.

[From the report of Mr. Henry A. Wise, city superintendent, for 1893.]

Instruction in sewing is given to the girls in the third grade of the primary schools, and to those of the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth grades of the grammar schools.

The instruction is given by 14 special teachers under the supervision of a directress of sewing. Thirteen thousand six hundred and fifty-seven pupils are taught this branch, each of whom receives an hour's lesson once a week. The reports received from principals and teachers generally speak very decidedly in favor of the great advantages this instruction is to the girls and of its good effect upon the other work of the school. It is claimed by some of the principals and teachers that since the introduction of sewing into the schools the interest of parents in the work of the schools has increased, better attendance has been secured, the girls have become neater, more orderly, and that more interest has been awakened in the other studies pursued in the schools.

COURSE IN SEWING.

[From the report of board of commissioners of public schools, 1894.]

Third grade.-First half year: Practice correct position, thimble exercise, holding the needle, holding the work, moving and threading the needle, making a knot, using scissors; stitching canvas, using chenille thread and split zephyr, basting, running, back stitching, overcasting, hemming, and seaming. Second half year: Instruction about implements and materials for sewing; inch measure; review, practical work, using colored cotton and sewing needle.

Fourth grade.—Develop cotton plant from the sowing of the seed to the manufac ture of the cloth; history of the cotton gin; names of the threads, in all woven fabrics; review work of the preceding grade, using half-bleached cotton cloth, using red and blue cotton; the blue marking the improvement in the work. Basting, running, stitching, hemming, overcasting, overhanding.

Fifth grade.-Patching, stocking darning, resoling stocking, hemming gathers and half-back stitch gathers to bands, tucking, gathering, placket, band.

Sirth grade.-Felling, buttonholes, loops and eyelets, tear darning; French hem, buttonholes and buttons.

Seventh grade.-Gussets, gores, bias cutting and piecing, facing, plaiting; French gathers; overhand gathers to band; hooks, eyes, and loops; inserting.

Eighth grade.-Ornamental stitching, hem, herringbone, feather, chain. Kensington outline, blanket, tapestry; buttonholes in cloth; cloth darning.

BOSTON, MASS.

MECHANIC ARTS HIGH SCHOOL.

[From the report of George H. Conley, supervisor, 1896.]

The Mechanic Arts High School will complete the third year of its existence in Jane and the class which entered when its doors were first opened will graduate. The course of study following serves at present as a guide for the work of the school, and in all probability, with such changes as in time may prove desirable, it will continue to be observed as the permanent arrangement or the general plan of work; but to arrange a course of study that shall carry out to the best advantage the purposes intended in the organization of this school will require such length of time as shall be amply sufficient to demonstrate its needs. It is only through experience that these needs can be ascertained and that a satisfactory course, one adapted and adequate to meet future demands, can be developed. The intention is, as may be seen from the course of study, to provide in about equal measure for the study of the elements of the mechanic arts and the practical academic branches intimately connected with them:

The study of algebra extends through two years of the course. The first year's work has special reference to the attainment of proficiency in the more important processes and extends through simultaneous quadratics. The second year's work is a review of the work of the preceding year and extends through progression. Algebraic methods are employed in the solution of such problems as are met with in the stady of physical science and in the mechanical departments of the school. Also during the second year the subject of plane geometry is completed.

The first half of the third year is devoted to the principles of solid geometry and to numerous exercises illustrating and enforcing them, while the remainder of the year is given to plane trigonometry and reviews. The work in trigonometry is designed to familiarize the student with the fundamental principles and formula that are constantly used in surveying, mechanics, physical science, and the higher mathematics.

The central purpose of the mathematical course is to give pupils clear notions of the vaine and convenience of mathematical processes in the investigation of practical problems. The readiness with which pupils master the difficult problems of the machine shop that involve the application of mathematical principles testifies to the value of this training.

In history and in civil government the course consists of a rapid survey of general