CHICAGO, ILL.

ENGLISH HIGH AND MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL.

[Statement by A. R. Robinson, principal.]

1. The central idea of this school is practical education. Not to make the students mechanics, but to round out their powers in the fullest way. The manual training is obligatory. Those who do not wish it may attend some of the ordinary high schools.

2. This is one of the public schools of the city of Chicago and is supported by public funds.

3. Woodwork is taught in the first year, ten weeks being devoted to each of the three branches of it, i. e., wood-turning, joinery, cabinetmaking, and pattern making. The second year is given to blacksmith and foundry work.

The third year includes the ordinary work in the machine shop.

The average age of the pupils on entering is about 15 years.

The unique feature of the work is that to the greatest extent possible it is individual and is the property of the student when finished.

4. Our buildings have little or no plan, as they were old buildings remodeled and added to as the school needed room.

All the tools used are the property of the school.

5. The cost of the plant outside of the buildings was about $40,000. The amount appropriated for the school each year is from $40,000 to $50,000. Last year we expended about $38,000, nearly $30,000 being for instruction.

6. The effect upon the other studies is good, but the fact that most of the students would not attend any school unless hand training were a part of the course makes it difficult to obtain absolutely reliable statistics.

The occupations the graduates enter are varied. Many enter technical schools, while many others go into some occupation where they can use some of the skill acquired in their school course.

COURSE OF INSTRUCTION.

NOTE.-Numerals in parentheses refer to the number of hours per week in the respective studies.

FIRST YEAR.

First term.-Algebra (4), biology (zoology) (4), rhetoric and composition (4), mechanical drawing (4), free-hand drawing (1), joinery and wood turning (10), lectures on wood.

Second term.-Algebra (4); biology (zoology and botany) (4), 8 weeks; rhetoric and composition (4), mechanical drawing (4), free-hand drawing (1), cabinetwork and pattern-work (10), lectures on wood.

Third term.—Algebra (4), biology (botany) (4), rhetoric and composition (4), mechanical drawing (4), free-hand drawing (1), pattern-work (10), lectures on wood.

SECOND YEAR.

First term.-Geometry (3), physics (3), general history (3), English or French (3), book reviews and essays, mechanical drawing (4), free-hand drawing (1), foundry and blacksmith work (10), lectures on iron.

Second term.-Geometry (3), physics (3), general history (3), English or French (3), book reviews and essays, mechanical drawing (4), free-hand drawing (1), foundry and blacksmith work (10), lectures on iron.

Third term.-Geometry (3), physics (3), general history (3), English or French (3), book reviews and essays, mechanical drawing (4), free-hand drawing (1), foundry and blacksmith work (10), lectures on iron.

THIRD YEAR.

First term.-Solid geometry or shorthand (3), civil government (3), chemistry (3), English or French (3), book reviews and essays, mechanical or architectural drawing (4), free-hand drawing (1), machine-shop work, chipping, filing, and fitting (10). Second term.-Higher algebra or bookkeeping (3), shorthand continued and typewriting commenced, political economy (3), English or French (3), chemistry (3), book reviews and essays, mechanical or architectural drawing (4), free-hand drawing (1), machine-shop work (use of lathes and planer) (10), lectures on machinery and its work.

Third term.—Trigonometry or typewriting (3), shorthand continued, political economy (3), English or French (3), chemistry (3), book reviews and essays, mechancal or architectural drawing (1), free-hand drawing (1), machine-shop work (use of shaper and milling machine) (10), lectures on machinery and its work.

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MANUAL TRAINING IN GRAMMAR SCHOOLS.

[From the report of Mr. A. G. Lane, city superintendent, 1895.]

The beneficial results of the introduction of manual training into the seventh and eighth grades of some of the grammar schools have been clearly demonstrated, and the time has come when the system can be further extended. During the past year assistants were employed in the Tilden School and in the Medill School (to which the class was removed from the Garfield School building), thus allowing the boys from six additional grammar schools to receive instruction and to have shop practice. Mr. Richard T. Crane, who first provided for manual training in the grammar grades at the Tilden School three years ago, still pays all the expenses connected with that school, except the salary of the assistant teacher, which is paid by the board of education. There are two rooms in the well-lighted basement which are rsed for shop practice. Classes from the Tilden, Skinner, Brown, Emerson, Hayes, Carpenter, Washington, Armour Street, and Wells schools receive instruction once a week at the Tilden School.

The following schools are accommodated at the Medill School: Dore, Goodrich, Garfield, Throop, Walsh, Froebel, Cooper, and Clarke schools.

Classes from the Jones, Haven, Moseley, Douglas, and Calumet Avenue schools are tanght at the Jones School, and the Agassiz, Alcott, Hawthorne, Knickerbocker, and Prescott schools are accommodated at the Agassiz School.

The work continues to attract and greatly interest all boys who are permitted to Iceive instruction. In several instances requests have been received to permit boys in sixth-grade classes to take the shop practice also.

Boys are surprised to find that they can handle tools, make working drawings, and then execute work in accordance with them. They discover their power to do things, to make things. The discipline of continuous, interesting, and effective work is very valuable.

MOLINE MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL, MOLINE, ILL.

[Statement by O. Curtis Wicks, director of manual training.]

Our school is five years old, and its central idea is educational, but this being a distinctively manufacturing city we find it best not to ignore the fact that our boys on leaving school enter the shops, and in a sense we teach a trade to meet the needs of the boys. A few of our boys pursue their studies further in the technical school. The work is obligatory on all seventh and eighth grade pupils, but is entirely optional in the high school.

Our school is connected with the public-schools system, is supported from the general fund, and is entirely free.

Course of study.-Seventh grade: Sloyd; cutting tool-knife; laying out toolsgange, square, compass, rule, pencil. Work taught in regular schoolroom 45 minutes per week. Eighth grade: Fifty-five boys; time, one-half day each week; bench work in wood; elementary useful articles.

Exercises: Gauge exercise, pen tray, half-lap joint, tile handle, key label, string winder, round ruler, paper knife, hone, soap tray, blotter pad, spoon, table mat, ruler (15-inch), towel roller, hatchet handle, mail box, try square, bevel square, open mortise and tenon joint, thorough mortise and tenon joint, half-lap dovetail joint, dovetail joint, book rack.

We always precede the work by making a drawing either from a model or a drawing. High schools. First year: Advanced bench work, three periods of 45 minutes each per week, 2 classes of 11 each. Exercises: Bench hook, stool, spoon, knife box, dovetail joint, framed triangle 45°, framed triangle 30 and 60°, tusk tenon, scarfed joint, stool, dovetail brace joint, box-dovetail corners, small paneled door, beveled tray, fly-wheel arms, sash (4 lights).

Second year: Lathe work (time, three periods of 45 minutes each per week, 1 class of boys). Exercises: Cylinder, rolling curves, stepped cylinder, cylinders and conare ents, potato masher, chair leg, 1 pair indian clubs, 1 pair dumb-bells, rolling pin, chisel handle, ring, mallet, stool, vase form (original).

Our bench room is equipped with 14 single benches, each supplied with 1 rapidarting vise, 3 planes, 6 chisels, 3 saws, 2 gauges, 1 square, 1 pair wing dividers, 1 hammer, 1 mallet, 1 brush, 1 bench stop, 1 bevel square, 1 rule, 1 oil stone and can, brad awls, 1 screwdriver, 1 bench hook, 1 gauge, 2 files.

We also have about $100 worth of special tools in cases on the wall, including braces and bits, pliers, saw set, saw clamp, spoke shaves, plow hand drill, etc. Our machine room is supplied with 7 wood-turning lathes, 1 scroll saw, 1 circular saw, 1 band saw, and 1 grindstone.

The main aim of our work, as I said before, is educational, but we also plan our

work that it may work on lines that shall insure, during and by means of the exercise it affords, the development of the pupil in other definite directions. These are of various kinds. As the more important, it is usual to bring forward pleasure in bodily labor, and respect for it, habits of independence, order, accuracy, attention and industry, increase of physical strength, development of the power of observation in the eye, and of execution in the hand.

Educational manual training has also in view the development of the mental power, or in other words, is disciplinary in its aim.

MANUAL TRAINING HIGH SCHOOL, LOUISVILLE, KY.

[From the Fourth Annual Report of 1894-95.]

The school was founded May 2, 1892, when the following proposition was laid before the board of trustees of the Louisville public schools:

"To the Louisville School Board:

"GENTLEMEN: I propose to purchase a suitable lot, to erect thereon a building suitable and sufficient to accommodate 300 pupils, to equip said building with furni ture, tools, and machinery suitable and necessary for a manual training high school of the first order, and convey said property, when complete, to the Louisville school board in trust and upon the following conditions:

"First. That the said property shall be used as a manual training high school and not otherwise.

"Second. That the board shall establish and maintain in said building a manual training high school of the first order as a part of the public school system, free to all white boys in the city qualified to enter the male high school, and not under 13 years of age.

"Third. The teachers and professors in the manual department shall in every case be graduates of some reputable manual training school.

Fourth. The board shall keep the property fully insured, and if destroyed by fire rebuild the property at once.

"Fifth. That no special trade shall be taught in said school nor any articles manufactured therein for sale.

"Sixth. That if the board at any time fail to comply with the conditions herein the trust shall cease at my option, provided that six months' notice of a purpose to declare said trust ended shall be given by me or my heirs to said board; and if within that time the terms of the trust be complied with in good faith, said trust shall not cease, but continue upon the same conditions as before.

"Seventh. If the trust be terminated, as provided in the foregoing section, the board shall reconvey the property herein, on demand, to me or my heirs.

"I propose, upon the acceptance of this proposition, to proceed to carry out my part of the above proposition.

"LOUISVILLE, KY., May 2, 1892."

This proposition was unanimously accepted by the board.

"A. V. DUPONT.

Mr. duPont lost no time in putting his proposition into execution, and on the 3d of October, 1892, the school was opened.

PLAN AND PURPOSE OF THE SCHOOL.

The plan of instruction followed in the manual training high school is such as will best fit boys of ability who are mechanically or scientifically inclined, and who may have neither the time nor means to continue in school after they become 17 or 18 years of age, for positions of usefulness in the various productive and constructive pursuits.

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This school recognizes the preeminent value and necessity for intellectual development and discipline. Close and thoughtful study is required in both shops and class rooms. The academic work is taken up as thoroughly as in any school and with a view of giving the student a broad general education, without which any special course of study or work is, to a considerable extent, of little value. The course of study does not include Greek or Latin, as these are properly the special branches taken up in classical schools. In their places this school offers, as its special branches, courses in drawing and in shopwork. In both of these method is taught, and accuracy and precision are insisted upon.

In all constructive work in the drawing room, laboratories, and shops the primary object is construction, and while many articles of commercial value are made from drawings prepared by the student, they are made for the purpose of instruction, rather than that a finished article may be produced. Similarly, many of the tests

and measurements made in the laboratories would be of considerable commercial value if performed in the laboratories of business concerns. Their only value here, however, is the instruction which they furnish.

COURSE OF INSTRUCTION.

Provision is made for but one course of study, which occupies three years of two terms each. There are three classes-junior, intermediate, and senior. The junior class enters in September, and entrance examinations for this class are held in the school building in June and September.

No student is permitted to elect any special or partial course. Everyone must take the full work of the class of which he is a member.

Recitations are fifty minutes in length, and the classes are divided into sections, rot more than 30 being placed in each division of the junior class, and not more tan 24 in each division of the other two classes, so that no more are in recitation at one time than is consistent with thoroughness of instruction.

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The subjects composing this course are elementary mathematics, English, German, physiology, physics, chemistry, drawing, and shopwork. The course embraces instruction by text books, lectures, and laboratory and shop practice, with special reference to practical physics and chemistry, machine design and construction, the properties of materials, etc.

WOOD-SHOP PRACTICE.

Two large shoprooms are used for instruction and practice in the use of woodworking tools. These are equipped with 30 double wood workers' benches, 48 lathes, 2 eircular saws, 2 jig saws, and 2 grindstones, besides a bench and lathe in each room for the instructor. Necessary hand tools are provided for the accommodation of 150 students. Power for the lathes and saws is furnished by two 10-horsepower electric

motors.

During the junior year students devote ten periods per week to woodwork. The course includes joinery, turning, pattern making, and carving. The first fifteen weeks are given to joinery. The exercises give practice in the use of the principal wood-working hand tools. Each exercise must be carefully laid out with measuring and guiding tools. The students next spend seven weeks with lathes and wood-turning tools. Pattern making follows turning. The making of patterns gives practice in the use of both bench and lathe tools and in building up and gluing stock for large pieces. This work is conducted in such a way as to secure accuracy, eare, and judgment. During the intermediate year, students use their own patterns in their foundry practice.

Six weeks of instruction in wood carving concludes the course. At the end of this time students become quick and skillful with hand tools, and difficult designs in grooving and low relief are executed.

FOUNDRY PRACTICE.

One large room in the shop building is equipped with a brass furnace capable of melting 50 pounds of metal; 12 molding troughs, 24 snap flasks, and a sufficient number of small tools to accommodate 24 boys.

The course in foundry work is given during the first half of the intermediate year. The students are taught the names and uses of tools, and are shown in lectures how molds are made, where mistakes are likely to occur, and the effects of these mistakes upon castings.

Students are then given very simple patterns to mold, and as progress is made more difficult pieces are used. Later the molds are cast, first in white metal and then in brass. Instruction is given in the composition of various alloys and in the use of gaggers, chaplets, and cores. From time to time lectures are given upon the manufacture of iron and copper and upon the construction and management of iron cupolas.

FORGE PRACTICE.

The forge shop is well lighted and ventilated and thoroughly equipped. There are 8 forge stands, each of which has under one hood three separate fires, thus accommodating 24 boys.

The work in this department is taken up by the students in the second year, and is begun with work in lead, the cold lead acting very much as hot iron does under the hammer, except that it can not be welded or upset. The purpose of this exercise is to give the student facility in using the hammer and tongs. Instruction is then given in the building and care of fires. Then the forging of iron is taken up and carried forward by the usual steps, such as drawing out, bending, twisting, setting shoulders, upsetting, and welding.

The course in steel work embraces the making and tempering of such tools as

screw drivers, chisels of all descriptions, hammers of various kinds and sizes, and complete sets of lathe tools for use in the machine shop.

In addition to the above course, more or less time is given to project work. This is usually designed by the student himself, and consists in the making of 5 o'clock tea stands, umbrella racks, hatracks, flower stands, and other ornamental work. Much ingenuity and skill are often shown.

MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE.

The machine shop is equipped with 12 engine lathes, 14-inch swing; 1 engine lathe, 18-inch swing, with grinding attachment; 6 speed lathes; 2 22-inch by 6-foot planers; 1 shaper; 1 20-inch and 1 24-inch drill press; 1 universal milling machine; 1 Pratt & Whitney centering machine; 1 emery grinder; 1 power hack saw, and 1 gastempering forge. Besides the above machines, which are of the most improved pattern, the shop is well equipped with vises, taps, dies, drills, reamers, squares, calipers, etc., sufficient to accommodate 24 boys at one time. The instruction in this department is designed to give to students a thorough knowledge of the construction of machines and practice in the use of machine tools. From time to time lectures are given, discussing general methods of machine-shop practice.

TEXT-BOOKS AND TOOLS.

The following list comprises text-books and tools prescribed by the Louisville school board. All students are required to provide themselves with these from time to time, as they are required. Books recommended for collateral reading, books of reference, and tabies furnished from the school library are not included in this list: Milne's High School Algebra, Wentworth's New Plane and Solid Geometry and Trigonometry, Waldo's Descriptive Geometry, Shaw's English Composition, Lamb's Tales from Shakespere and Brown's Rab and His Friends from Maynard's English Classics, Guest's History of England, Pancoast's Introduction to English Literature, Civil Government (Peterman's, or other equally as good), Otis's German Grammar, Bronson's Colloquial German, Storm's Immensee, Avery's Elements of Natural Philosophy, Carhart and Chute's Laboratory Physics, Remsen's Chemistry, Briefer Course: Martin's Human Body, set of drawing instruments, triangular scale, two triangles, one Ţ square, drawing board, drawing paper.

Following is the cost per pupil, for material, for each of the several departments, for the scholastic year of 1894-95: Machine shop, $3.59; forge shop, $2.93; molding and sheet-metal shop, $3.71; woodworking shops, $2.38; chemical laboratory, $4.59; physical laboratory, $0.15; drawing rooms, $0.09; general shop supplies, oil, etc., $0.84; repairs of all kinds, $0.28.

The average cost of material of all kinds, except fuel, for heating, was $5.89 per pupil. The total receipts for tuition were $2,119.58.

The average enrollment and attendance by years has been as follows: 1892-93, 118 average enrollment, 115.8 average daily attendance; 1893-94, 178.9 average enrollment, 174.6 average daily attendance; 1894-95, 185.9 average enrollment, 184.4 average daily attendance.

The first class, consisting of 22 young men, was graduated June 15, 1894. Seven of these are now attending higher institutions of learning, as follows: One, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Boston; two, the Rose Polytechnic Institute, Terre Haute; one, the State A. and M. College, Lexington; one, a school of veterinary surgery, Toronto; two, schools of medicine in this city. Number of graduates June 18, 1895, 24.

[From a letter from II. G. Brownell, principal of the school.]

Our course as a whole might be described as a "junior technical course." We do not pretend to teach trades. The course is obligatory upon all whose health will permit taking it. School is public and free to residents of city; tuition, $130 to nonresidents. Cost, $130,000. Maintenance costs annually $26,000. Our students as a rule obtain better positions than do graduates from classical high schools. Many go away to technical schools and almost invariably are near the heads of their classes. The shop discipline and the work taken up there improve the academic work. The number of students who drop out is not greater than in other high schools.

MANUAL TRAINING SCHOOL, PORTLAND, ME.

[Statement by Geo. H. Babb, principal of manual training.]

1. The central idea is primarily educational. Two and a half hours per week are given to each class and everyone is obliged to attend.

2. Manual training is in connection with the three upper grades of the grammar schools and is supported by the city, no tuition being required.

3. There are about 600 pupils receiving manual training, and they are very nearly equally divided between the three grades.