them. Nevertheless, strange to say, the Con- the hemispheres, and in which their potentiality scious Self-which knew nothing of what was resides, is connected with the Sensory Tract at going on while its leg was being amputated under their base (which is the real centre of conveychloroform, and nothing of what its brain was ance for the sensory nerves of the whole body) doing, while finding out what o'clock it was by commissural fibres, long since termed by with shut eyes in the dark-is here cognizant of Reid, with sagacious foresight, 'nerves of the all the proceedings, and able in great measure internal senses,' and its anatomical relation to to recall them afterwards. We receive intense the sensorium is thus precisely the same as that pain or pleasure from our dreams, though we of the Retina, which is a ganglionic expansion have actually less to do in concocting them connected with the Sensorium by the optic nerve. than in dozens of mental processes which go on Hence it may be fairly surmised-1. That as we wholly unperceived in our brains.* only become conscious of visual impressions on Thus it would seem that neither Memory nor the retina when their influence has been transVolition have any constant relation to uncon-mitted to the central sensorium, so we only bescious cerebration. We sometimes remember, come conscious of ideational changes in the and sometimes wholly forget its action; and cerebral hemispheres when their influence has sometimes it fulfills our wishes, and sometimes been transmitted to the same centre; 2. That as wholly disregards them. The one constant fact visual changes may take place in the retina o is, that while the actions are being performed, the which we are unconscious, either through temConscious Self is either wholly uncognizant of porary inactivity of the Sensorium (as in sleep), them or unable to control them. It is either in or through the entire occupation of the attention a state of high activity about other and irrele- in some other direction, so may ideational vant matters, or it is entirely passive. In every changes take place in the Cerebrum, of which case the line between the Conscious Self and we may be unconscious for want of receptivity the unconsciously working brain is clearly on the part of the Sensorium, but of which the defined. results may present themselves to the consciousness as ideas elaborated by an automatic process of which we have no cognizance."

Having now faintly traced the outline of the psychological facts illustrative of unconscious cerebration, it is time to turn to the brilliant Lastly, we come to the conclusions to be dephysiological explanation of them afforded by duced from the above investigations. We have Dr. Carpenter. We have seen what our brains credited to the Unconscious Brain the followI can do without our consciousness. The way ing powers and faculties:

2. It can understand what words or things are sought to be remembered, and hunt them up through some recondite process known only to itself, till it discovers and pounces on them.

they do it is on this wise (I quote, slightly 1. It not only remembers as much as the abridged, from Dr. Carpenter). Conscious Self can recall, but often much more. All parts of the Nervous System appear to It is even doubtful whether it may not be possess certain powers of automatic action. The capable, under certain conditions, of reproducing Spinal cord has for primary functions the per- every impression ever made upon the senses formance of the motions of respiration and during life. swallowing. 'The automatic action of the Sensory ganglia seems to be connected with movements of protection-such as the closing of the eyes to a flash of light-and their secondary use enables a man to shrink from dangers of col- 3. It can fancy the most beautiful pictures lisions, &c., before he has time for conscious and also the most terrible ones, and weave ten escape. Finally we arrive at the automatic thousand fables with inexhaustible invention. action of the Cerebrum; and here Dr. Carpenter 4. It can perform the exceedingly difficult reminds us that instead of being (as formerly task of mental arrangement and logical division supposed) the centre of the whole system, in of subjects.

direct connection with the organs of sense and 5. It can transact all the mechanical business the muscular apparatus, the Cerebrum is, accord- of walking, reading, writing, sewing, playing, ing to modern physiology&c. &c.

6. It can tell the hour in the middle of the night without a timepiece.

"A superadded organ, the development of which seems to bear a pretty constant relation to the degree in which intelligence supersedes Let us be content with these ordinary and instinct as a spring of action. The ganglionic unmistakeable exercises of unconscious cerematter which is spread out upon the surface of braiton, and leave aside all rare or questionable wonders of somnambulism and cognate states. We have got Memory, Fancy, Understanding, at all events, as faculties exercised in full by the O Unconscious Brain. Now it is obvious that it

* Reid boasted he had learned to control his dreams, and there is a story of a man who always guided his own fancy

in sleep. Such dreams, however, would hardly deserve the

name.

would be an unusual definition of the word conscious cerebration is "We, ourselves, who "Thought" which should debar us from apply- merely use our brains as their instruments;" or ing it to the above phenomena; or compel us to are the Materialists right who say, "It is our say that we can remember, fancy, and under- physical brains alone, and these brains are ourstand without "thinking" of the things remem-selves?" With regard to the first reply, I think bered, fancied, or understood. But Who, or that all the foregoing study has gone to show What, then, is it that accomplishes these con- that "we" are not remembering, not fancying, fessedly mental functions? Two answers are not understanding what is being at the moment given to the query, each of them, as I venture remembered, fancied, or understood. To say, to think, erroneous. Buchner and his followers then, that in such acts "we" are "using our say, "It is our physical Brains, and these Brains brains as our instruments," appears nothing but are ourselves."* And non-materialists say," it a servile and unmeaning adherence to the foreis our conscious Selves, which merely use our gone conclusion that our brains are nothing else brains as their instruments." We must go into than the organs of our will. It is absurd to call this matter somewhat carefully. them so when we are concerned with phenomena In a certain loose and popular way of speak-whose speciality is that the will has nothing to ing, our brains are "ourselves." So also in the do with them. So far, then, as this part of the same way of speaking are our hearts, our limbs, argument is concerned, I think the answer o and the hairs of our head. But in more the anti-Materialists must be pronounced to be accurate language the use of the pronoun "I" erroneous. The balance of evidence inclines to applied to any part of our bodies is obviously the Materialists' doctrine that the brain itself incorrect, and even inadmissible. We say, in- performs the mental processes in question, and, deed, commonly, "I struck with my hand," to use Vogt's expression, "secretes Thought" when our hand has obeyed our volition. It is, automatically and spontaneously. then, in fact, the will of the Self which we are But if this presumption be accepted provisiondescribing. But if our hand has been forcibly ally, and the possibility admitted of its future compelled to strike by another man seizing it, physiological demonstration, have we, with it, or if it have shaken by palsy, we only say, "My accepted also the Materialist's ordinary concluhand was forced," or "was shaken." The sion that we and our automatically thinking limb's action is not ours, unless it has been done brains are one and indivisible? If the brain by our will. In the case of the heart, the very can work by itself, have we any reason to believe centre of physical life, we never dream of using it ever works also under the guidance of somesuch a phrase as "I am beating slowly," or "I thing external to itself, which we may describe am palpitating fast" And why do we not say as the Conscious Self? It seems to me that this so? Because, the action of our hearts being is precisely what the preceding facts have likeinvoluntary, we are sensible that the conscious wise gone to prove-namely, that there are two "I" is not the agent in question, albeit the kinds of action of the brain, the one Automatic, mortal life of that "I" is hanging on every and the other subject to the will of the Conpulsation. Now the problem which concerns us sciour Self; just as the actions of a horse are is this: Can we, or can we not, properly speak some of them spontaneous, and some under the of our brains as we do of our hearts? Is it compulsion of his rider. The first order of more proper to say, "I invent my dreams," than actions tend to indicate that the brain “secretes it is to say, "I am beating slowly?" I venture thought;" the second order (strongly contrastto think the cases are precisely parallel. When ing with the first) show that, beside that autoour brains perform acts of unconscious cere- matically working brain, there is another agency bration (such as dreams), they act just as our hearts do, i. e. involuntarily; and we ought to speak of them as we always do of our hearts, as of organs of our frame, but not of our Selves. When our brains obey our wills, then they act as our hands do when we voluntarily strike a blow; and then we do right to speak as if "we" performed the act accomplished by their means. Now to return to our point. Are the antiMaterialists right to say that the agent in un

* Buchner's precise doctrine is, "The brain is only the carrier and the source, or rather the sole cause of the spirit thought; but not the organ that secretes it. It produces something which is not materially permanent, but which consumes itself in the moment of its production."

in the field under whose control the brain performs a wholly different class of labors. Every where in the preceding pages we have traced the extraordinary separation which continually takes place between our Conscious Selves and the automatic action of the organ, which serves as our medium of communication with the outward world. We have seen, in a word, that we are not Centaurs, steed and rider in one, but horsemen, astride on roadsters which can trot very well a little way when we drop the reins, and which at other times play and canter off without our permission.

When we place the phenomena of Unconscious Thought on one side, and over against them our

conscious personality, we obtain, I think, a new servations, that on the regularity and the smalland vivid sense of the separation, not to say the ness of the crystals of any specimen, depended antithesis, which exists between the two; close the good properties of the metal. In the good as is their mutual interdependence. Not to talk qualities also the crystals were found placed very about the distinction between object and sub-regularly near each other.

ject, or dwell on the absurdity (as it seems to us) of the proposition that we ourselves are only the sum-total of a series of cerebrations-the recognition of the fact that our brains sometimes think without us, seems to enable us to view our connection with them in quite a new light. So long as all our attention was given to Conscious Thought, and philosophers eagerly argued the question, whether the Soul did or did not ever sleep or cease to think, it was easy to confound the organ of thought with the Conscious Self who was supposed the one to set it in action. But the moment we mass together for review the long array of the phenomena of Unconscious Cerebration, the case is altered; the severance becomes not only cogitable, but manifest.

THE WILD MEN OF CALIFORNIA.

An old hunter, writing from Grayson, California, to the Antioch Ledger, in reference to a paragraph in that journal on the subject of a report that a gorilla had recently been seen in the State, says that he caught sight of one of the wild men of California last year while hunting in the mountains about twenty miles south of Grayson. Finding, on returning to his camp one evening, that the charred sticks from his fireplace had been scattered about, he kept watch next day in the bush, and, after two hours' waiting, saw standing by the fire a creaLet us then accept cheerfully the possibility, ture in the image of man full five feet high, and perhaps the probability, that science ere long disproportionately broad at the shoulders, with will proclaim the dogma, "Matter can think. arms of great length; the legs were very short, Having humbly bowed to the decree, we shall and the body long; the head was small comfind ourselves none the worse. Admitting that pared with the rest of the creature, and appeared our brains accomplish much without our con- to be set upon his shoulders without a neck. scious guidance, will help us to realize that our The whole was covered with dark brown and relation to them is of a variable-an intermittent cinnamon-colored hair, quite long on and (we may venture to hope) of a terminable kind.

That such a conclusion, if reached, will have afforded us any direct argument for human immortality, can not be pretended. Though we "that the Brain can may succeed in proving think without the Conscious Man," the great converse theorem," that the Conscious Man, think without a Brain," has as yet received no jot of direct evidence; nor ever will do so, I hold, while we walk by faith and not by sight, and Heaven remains a part of our religion, and not a branch of our geography!"

66

can

some

parts, that on the head standing in a shock, and growing down close to the eyes like a Digger Indian's. The creature stooped and grasped a stick from the fire; this he swung round and round until the fire on the end had gone out, when he repeated the manœuvre. The hunter sat and watched him as he whistled and scattered fire about. Having amused himself apparently as long as he desired, he started to go, and, having gone a short distance, returned, and was joined by another-a female unmistakablywhen they both turned, passed within twenty yards of the hunter, and then disappeared in But it is something, nay it is surely much, if, the bush. The whistling was such as boys proby groping among the obscurer facts of con- duce with two fingers under their tongue. The sciousness, we may attain the certainty that writer adds that several persons have come whatever be the final conclusions of science re- across the tracks of the immense feet of these garding our mental nature, the one which we creatures, and he has met with one person who have most dreaded, if reached at last, will militate not at all against the hope, written on the heart of the nations, by that Hand which writes no falsehoods-that "when the dust returns to the dust whence it was taken, the Spirit-the Conscious Self of Man-shall return to God who gave it."-F. P. Cobbe.

has seen them.

LEAD-PENCIL DRAWINGS, TRACINGS, AND ALSO CHARCOAL AND CHALK DRAWINGS, FIXED. -W. Wolanek states that when the paper containing drawings or writings made with leadpencil or charcoal is painted over, on the reverse side (where no writing or drawing exists), with TEST OF IRON AND STEEL BY THE MICRO- a moderately strong solution of bleached shellac SCOPE.-Dr. Schott has subjected a large number in alcohol, the drawings or writings made with of samples of iron and steel to microscopical lead-pencil, etc., become thoroughly fixed, so examination, and gives as the result of his ob- that they can not be rubbed off.

Religion and Morals.

ACTS AND SAYINGS OF OUR LORD
NOT FOUND IN THE GOSPELS.

The four Gospels are the smallest books ever written on a great subject. Their brevity has not hindered but has helped their usefulness and general acceptance, and in itself is one of the many evidences of the divine wisdom and foresight that presided over their formation. Amidst all his hostile criticism, Renan owns that they are the most beautiful biographies of a beautiful life in the world. Their rare simplicity, along with their brevity, place them OWARDS the close of his Gospel, within the reach and intelligence of all, and John says: "Many other signs truly crown them as the universal teachers. The did Jesus in the presence of his marvel is that these very qualities did not fill dissciples; which are not written in the Christian world with imitations, true and this book" (John xx. 30). These false, gathered out of current traditions, turnseem last words, and, with good reason, have ing more and more of the unwritten into the been supposed to be the words that originally written, until there remained no more to tell. closed the Gospel of John. The addition of In his work on "The Canon of the New Testhe twenty-first chapter has all the appearance tament," Jones tells us that the desire for more of an after-thought of the writer; an addition of our Lord's sayings and acts gave rise to forty out of the many more things yet untold-an forged Gospels, which must have had readers in addition which no one can read and wish it had their day. Some of these survive in "The not been made. Yet, after adding these other Gospel of the Infancy" and "The Gospel of last words, a second time the evangelist repeats, Mary," where forgery and fiction are stamped on more emphatically-"There are also many other every page; and they survive only to justify things which Jesus did, the which, if they their rejection, and the rejection of the entire should be written every one, I suppose that even class of fictions and forgeries to which they bethe world itself could not contain the books that long. They require only to be set side by side should be written" (John xxi. 25).

with Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, to enable the simplest reader to confirm, in his private judgment, that of all the Churches of Christ.

Making every allowance for the figurative language of this declaration, and the very different ideas of John's time and ours as to filling the The question still remains, Why was so natworld with books, we can not but read, in this ural a desire for the more and more not gratified double close to John's Gospel, in his addition by narratives honest and truth-telling-though of one more narrative of Christ and his dis- not carrying the authority of the four evangeciples, and in his renewed and emphatic decla- lists, yet vindicating for themselves a place next ration of the many other things still untold- to the evangelists such as we give to trustworthy that the written bears to the unwritten life of historians and biographers? Such is the avidity our Lord no larger proportion than did the in the Christian world for biographies of saints twelve baskets of fragments to the entire feast and martyrs, that the "Acta Sanctorum," under provided for the five thousand that followed the labors of its Jesuit Belgian editors, has him into the desert place. In the four Gospels attained to twenty follios, and three months of we have all that is essential to salvation, the the Calendar have still to be overtaken. Exbest and choicest of the acts and sayings of our tracts and translations from this work have Lord. In our comparison, we refer not to the been made into all the languages of Europe, and quality, but to the quantity. What large scope at this day furnish the chief reading of the conmust that life, private and public, of thirty-three vents and monasteries of the Roman Catholic years, have afforded to those gleaners in the Church. This production of the Roman press, field of oral tradition who follow in the train of whilst it presents a singular contrast to the the great and the good! How many in the first brevity and simple truthfulness of the canonical and second centuries must have been eager to writers, tells of the natural demand for Chrisglean after the evangelists in so rich a field! tian biographies. The first Christians, like To hear and tell all that could be recalled of those of our own age, must have eagerly gleaned that life and its teachings must have been an in a field which John declares to be inexhaustequal delight. Though books were not so easily ible. What hindered, then, many trustworthy multiplied or so accessible to all as in our day, additions being made to our knowledge of Christ

and his teaching? We have the four Gospels; the bearer of the gifts of the Gentile Churches and beyond these we know nothing. We have which he had planted and watered, to the poor also "The Acts of the Apostles by Luke; and saints there suffering under a famine. The beyond what he has told us, and what is implied or apostle himself is not a receiver, but a giver and indirectly given in the Epistles to the Churches, gatherer for others. He is conscious that he we know nothing of the acts and sayings has made Jew and Gentile his debtors both in of the first followers of Christ. The eighteen spiritual and temporal things. To the Ephesian centuries have not added one reliable narrative Church he had preached the gospel freely and or addition equal to that which John gives in without charge, and, conscious of the superior the twenty-first chapter of his Gospel. At the blessedness of a giver, could say, "I have close of his " Acts of the Apostles" Luke might coveted no man's silver, or gold, or apparel. also have spoken of "the many other things" Yea, ye yourselves know, that these hands have which the apostles and first disciples did and ministered unto my necessities, and to those said. What, then, prevented other gleaners? that were with me" (Acts xx. 33, 34). Nothing but that Providence that guided and But have not the Fathers contributed largely governed and overruled all. Christians must to our knowledge of the life and teaching of have often proposed such additions: but God Christ? We do not pretend to have searched so disposed, that they came to nothing. He the Greek and Latin Fathers, from Clement to who has all hearts at his command, and turns St. Bernard, who is regarded as the last of the them from their course as the rivers of water, Fathers; neither is it necessary to search their not only turned aside the evangelists from add- three hundred folios in order to establish the ing more and more last words, but their imme- fact that they have added literally nothing to diate successors; concentrating the interest and our knowledge of the actions or miracles of confidence of the Churches upon those few Christ. Had any such been recorded, they had brief narratives which contain at once the great been well known and retailed in every ecclesiasfacts, the great truths and hopes, and the highest tical history, ancient and modern. All that the evidences of our faith. Fathers have done in this way is to add a few This is so unexpected a reversal of the nat- sayings, which read like new versions of old ural course of things, that we hesitate to believe sayings; or have so little of Christ in matter or it. But the full proof is within easy reach. If manner, that we reject them more readily than we search first through the other canonical would a good judge of paintings a false Raphael books of the New Testament, from the Acts of or Michael Angelo. The following are the only the Apostles to the Apocalypse, though all are written to confirm and establish us in the faith of Christ, not one fact respecting our Lord is added to those in the four Gospels. Those that loved him most and knew him best add nothing in their Epistles to the Churches. To the sayings of Christ, one is added, which we owe to Paul, who calls it to mind in his farewell to the elders of the Church at Ephesus, and which This is quoted as our Lord's saying by ClemLuke records in the Acts of the Apostles. The ent, of whom Paul writes as one whose name saying, so memorable in itself, is still more so is in the book of life" (Phil. iv. 3). He is supas the solitary addition made to the teaching of posed to have become the pastor of the Church our Lord outside of the four evangelists-" It at Rome, and has left two Epistles to the Corinis more blessed to give than to receive" (Acts xx. 35): a saying so Christ-like, so radiant with the whole spirit of his example and teaching, that it hardly needed the seal both of an apostle and evangelist to eommend it to every Christian heart. Not a little remarkable is the occasion on which the apostle recalls this saying of his divine Master. He is on his way to Jerusalem,

*

We have heard of the saying of Wesley, which to his honor he so often inculcated upon the members of his society, both from pulpit and press, that to this day many Methodists regard the saying, "Cleanliness is next to god

liness," as one of our Lord's. We are not yet in danger

in Scotland, from the too frequent inculcation of this important practical virtue, of sliding into a like mistake.

additions of the slightest value which we can discover that the Fathers of fourteen centuries have made to the sayings of our Lord :

1. "Though ye should be joined to me, even to my bosom, and do all my commandments, I will reject you, and say to you," Depart from me, I know not whence ye are, ye workers of iniquity."

thian Church, and in one of his Epistles is cited as our Lord's saying. It wants the felicity of our Lord's sayings, their point and transparency of meaning; yet may be interpreted as another version of his sayings, when exposing the religion of the Pharisees as that only of the outside of the cup and platter.

2. "Keep your flesh chaste, and your seal (baptism) undefiled, that so you may obtain everlasting life.”

This is quoted by the same Father in the same Epistle. It seems still less after the manner of our Lord, and to be more in the phraseology of an after ecclesiastical teaching, that turned the simple ordinance of baptism