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As to the present state of education in Catholic countries, we quote the following from Mr. Laing's Notes of a Traveller, which have just appeared. He says:

"In Catholic Germany, in France, and even Italy, the education of the common people in reading, writing, arithmetic, music, manners, and morals, is at least as generally diffused and as faithfully promoted by the clerical body as in Scotland. It is by their own advance, and not by keeping back the advance of the people, that the Popish priesthood of the present day seek to keep ahead of the intellectual progress of the community in Catholic lands; and they might perhaps retort on our Presbyterian clergy, and ask if they too are in their countries at the head of the intellectual movement of the age. Education is in reality not only not repressed, but is encouraged, by the Popish Church, and is a mighty instrument in its hands, and ably used. In every street in Rome, for instance, there are at short distances public primary schools for the education of the children of the lower and middle classes. Rome, with a population of 158,687 souls, has three hundred and seventy two [381, at least] primary schools, with four hundred and eighty two teachers, and fourteen thousand children attending them. Has Edinburgh so many schools for the instruction of those classes? I doubt it. Berlin, with a population about double that of Rome, has only two hundred and sixty four schools. Rome has also her University, with an average attendance of six hundred and sixty students; and the Papal States, with a population of two and a half millions, contain seven universities. Prussia, with a population of fourteen millions, has but seven."

After this Protestant testimony, showing that education is much better provided for in the Papal States than in either Scotland or Prussia, the two boasted countries of common schools, shall we still be told that "learning has ever been the doomed victim of the perennial despotism" of the Church of Rome? The doomed victim! It is to Rome and her general policy we owe it, that learning has not been a doomed victim; and the generous encouragement which she has never ceased to bestow on literature and the arts should command our respect and gratitude, whatever may be our estimate of her theology. We may remark, in concluding this division of our subject, that these Popish schools are, many of them, supported by private charity, while those of Protestant countries are supported only by burdensome taxation.*

* See D'Aubigne's History of the Great Reformation reviewed. By M. J. Spalding, D. D. Ch. xiv. We cannot too earnestly commend this work to our readers. It is the work of a scholar, of a man of learning and ability; though, for aught we know, he may have been educated at Rome.

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III. HOSTILITY TO SCIENCE.

"The Church of Rome has ever waged a deadly war upon science." The only proofs of this charge adduced by the reviewer are two, -the case of Virgil, Bishop of Salzburg, in the eighth century, and that of Galileo in the seventeenth. He says:

"Who can recount the number of the papal bulls which have been fulminated against successive discoveries in science, when announced in Romish countries? Pope Zachary uttered his anathemas against Virgil, a bishop of his own church, for daring to think and speak the awful heresy, that there were men living on the opposite side of the earth. 'If,' says the infallible Pope, 'he persist in this heresy, strip him of his priesthood, and drive him from the Church and the altars of his God!' The venerable Galileo shared a still worse fate for presuming to think and teach that the earth was a sphere, turning on its axis and moving round the sun. Pope Urban and the Inquisition-infallible authority-decreed that his doctrine was false and heretical, and then doomed him to a dungeon for daring to think contrary to Holy Mother Church. One can almost excuse the righteous indignation of the bosom friend of this aged philosopher, when he exclaimed concerning Pope Urban, and the other despots who condemned Galileo, I shall devote these unnatural and godless hypocrites to a hundred thousand devils.” p. 353.

Before proceeding to comment directly on these statements, we have one or two remarks to make on the infallible authority about which the reviewer has so much to say; for this is a matter, though simple enough in itself, which Protestants do not seem ever to comprehend. Do Catholics recognize an infallible authority? If so, what, where, and when is it? The Catholic undoubtedly believes the Church, as the Church, is infallible; but his belief is not grounded on any supposed infallibility in the individuals composing the Church,—although there is undoubtedly a spiritual illumination, proper to every living member of Christ's body, not possessed by those separate or separated from it, but solely on the fact, that Christ has promised to be with his Church all days unto the consummation of the world. The Catholic, therefore, believes, that, when the Church is called upon to act, quoad Church, Christ is with it, and, by his supernatural interposition, protects its decisions from error, and guides it into all truth. He really predicates infallibility only of Christ, and regards the decision. of the Church as infallible only because he believes it is Christ that really and truly decides in the Church. Let it be under

stood, then, that the Catholic holds the Church to be infallible only by virtue of the supernatural protection and guidance of its invisible Head, according to his promise. But this promise was made to the Church, the whole Church,—not to any particular portion of the Church, nor to any given number of individuals in the Church. Consequently, the Catholic regards no act of the Church, even of the highest dignitaries of the Church, as infallible, unless the act of the whole Church. There are only two ways in which the Church is assumed to act as the whole Church, that is, in a universal council, or, what is the same thing, the unanimous, or the morally unanimous, assent of all the bishops or pastors of the Church, and through the Pope, deciding ex cathedrá, as the representative of the Church; and a man may be a Catholic, without believing that the decision of the Pope, unless assented to by the body of the bishops, is to be regarded as infallible. But we, for ourselves, hold the decision of the Pope, when he represents, or decides for, the Church Universal, to be infallible.

Now, the Pope acts in three separate capacities, -as temporal prince, as bishop of the particular Church of Rome, and as head of the Church Universal. If he was regarded as infallible as a man, if infallibility was regarded as inhering in him as a personal attribute, he would be held, inasmuch as he is one and the same man in whichever capacity he acts, equally infallible in all three of these capacities, as Protestants commonly suppose Catholics do hold. But Catholics do not hold the Pope to be infallible as a man ; as a man, or when acting in any case in which he has not the express promise of Christ to protect him from error and to guide him to the truth, they believe him just as liable to err, after becoming Pope, as he was before. The promise of Christ, which is the pledge of infallibility, is made, as we have said, only to the Church Universal, and therefore to the Pope only when representing, and only in so far as he represents, the Universal Church. But the Pope, as temporal prince, as the civil ruler of the ecclesiastical states, or as the bishop of the See of Rome, does not represent the Universal Church, and therefore in these capacities has no promise of inerrancy.

These distinctions made, it will be proper and necessary to ask, when any particular act assumed to be reprehensible is alleged to have been done by the Catholic Church, and therefore by infallible authority, Has it been done or sanctioned by a universal council, or the great body of bishops? or has it been done or sanctioned by the Pope, deciding ex cathedrá,

as the representative of the Church Universal? If not, it has been done, has been sanctioned, by no authority held by a Catholic to be infallible; and, if bad, it must, as in all other cases, be charged to human fallibility or depravity.

Now, the reviewer alleges, or virtually alleges, that the heliocentric theory has been condemned as a heresy by an authority which Catholics hold to be infallible; for this is the real purport of his allegation. But this we deny. First, because it is not the principle of the Church to pronounce dogmatically on questions of pure science; and second, because no instance ever has been or can be adduced of her having so pronounced. The Catholic recognizes no authority but that of the Universal Church, expressed in one or the other of the two ways we have specified, as competent to declare what is or is not a heresy, or to declare an article of faith, on any question whatever; and there is no purely scientific question on which this authority, in either of the ways specified, has ever spoken. Individuals in the Church, eminent doctors and high dignitaries, may have spoken, some condemning one doctrine, and some another; but never any authority believed by any Catholic to be infallible, or which, according to the principles of his Church, he is required to believe infallible. And furthermore, the theory in question has never been condemned at all as a heresy.

We turn now to the direct consideration of the two cases alleged by the reviewer. The case of Virgil, Bishop of Salzburg, we dismiss, as not authenticated. The extract said to be from a Papal bull bears on its face unequivocal evidence of being supposititious. It is not the style in which the Pope is accustomed to speak, when declaring the decision of the Church Universal. We are not acquainted with the particulars of the case, but it appears that Virgil did speak of there being inhabitants on the opposite side of the earth, and that this gave offence to some bigoted churchmen, who made an application to Pope Zachary to condemn him; "but it does not, however, appear," says Mr. Whewell, in his History of the Inductive Sciences, (Vol. II. p. 256, London, 1839,) that this led to any severity; and the story of the deposition from his bishopric, which is circulated by Kepler and some more modern writers, is undoubtedly altogether false." This is good Protestant authority, and all that it is necessary to adduce in the case of the Bishop of Salzburg.

But the case of Galileo is in point; and, surely, you are not about to deny that. Surely, you will not pretend to deny that Galileo was imprisoned in the dungeons of the Inquisition for

teaching that the earth turns on its axis, and moves round the sun,- that his doctrine was pronounced by the Church of Rome to be a heresy, and that he himself was forced to retract it, — and that the venerable old philosopher, rising from the posture in which he had made his abjuration, stamped his foot upon the ground, and exclaimed, "Nevertheless, it does move." The story is so well told, has been so often repeated, and has proved so serviceable to numerous pretenders, wishing to palm off their stupid dreams for some new discovery in the science of man or nature, especially to our phrenologists, neurologists, and Fourierists, that, we own, it seems almost a pity to spoil it by contradicting it; yet it is false, totally false from beginning to end, with not one word of truth in it. We make this assertion on indubitable authority.

The heliocentric theory was publicly taught in Rome by the great Cardinal Nicholas Cusanus, who was born in 1401, and died in 1464, just one hundred years before the birth of Galileo; it was taught in the same city, in public lectures, by Copernicus, a Catholic priest, educated at Bologna, in Italy, and professor of astronomy at Rome, in 1500; and Leonardo da Vinci, in 1510, "connects the theory of the fall of bodies with the earth's motion, as a thing then generally received." Cusanus was never disturbed for asserting "the earth moves, the sun is at rest," but was created Cardinal by Nicholas the Fifth, who conferred on him the bishopric of Brixen; and he enjoyed the favor and confidence of four successive pontiffs, till the day of his death. Copernicus was invited by the Pope to assist in reforming the calendar, which he did; and, on his retiring from his professorship, the dignitaries of the Church charged themselves with providing for him a safe and honorable retreat, where, above the wants and distractions of life, he might devote the undivided energies of his great mind to the reconstruction of the whole fabric of astronomy. When it is known at Rome that his system is prepared, Cardinal Scomberg writes to him, urging him to publish it, and generously offers to advance from his private purse the necessary funds. The Cardinal unhappily dying before the publication, another dignitary of the Church, Gisio, Bishop of Ermeland, steps forward to replace him; and when the work is brought to light, it is dedicated to Pope Paul the Third, with the Pope's approbation. Thus did Rome originate, foster, and mature this heretical theory, and thus did she treat its advocates for more than eighty years before Galileo. If it was a heresy, why was it so long tolerated? If Rome was opposed to science, why did she protect and

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