FINAL HONOURS.

BOTANY.

Plant Anatomy.

1. How are latex tubes formed, and what are their activities and uses? How may we distinguish excretions and secretions from stored food? Where and why are enzymes secreted?

2. Describe the structure and properties of storage tissues. Discuss seeds, roots, medullary rays, xylem and phloem in their relations to the storage and use of food.

3. Tell of the discovery of the plant cell, the early and the present meanings of the name cell, and how the cell walls are formed.

4. Discuss phloem, its formation, functions, variations in different groups, and its endurance in the stem.

5. Explain the structure of young and of old portions of a perennial root, noting the methods of their formation and. the importance of the difference.

6. Discuss phellogen, the continuous supply of cork, the nature of borke, and the results of the formation of the cork layer.

7. How do monocotyledon stems usually increase in diameter, and what are the results of this method? Describe their mechanical supporting tissues and arrangement.

8. Give reasons for the development of a plant skeleton, and briefly describe the various tissues composing it.

9. Relate the stele of a plant to its leaves, and the annual rings to the conduction of crude sap. walls not uniform in thickness?

Why are tracheal

10. Discuss respiration in plants, its purpose, results, conditions, and the various structures connected with its operation.

PRELIMINARY HONOURS.

BOTANY.

Plant Physiology.

1. Explain fully the relationship of water to living plant cells.

2. How may water and solutes pass into a plant at different rates, and what are some of the results of this in roots and in leaves?

3. How can you demonstrate the selective power of living protoplasm, and the loss of this power by dead protoplasm?

4. Why do roots grow and absorb only at the tips? How can you demonstrate the excretion of both acid and toxins by roots?

5. Discuss the need for stomata for transpiration, the efficiency of cuticle, epidermis, and cork in checking transpiration, the amount of transpiration and the relation of transpiration to turgidity.

6. How can you prove experimentally the following:(1) that water rises through the xylem of a tree,

(2) that no other part of the stem can adequately conduct water,

(3) that xylem is an excellent conductor of water, (4) that the food is manufactured in the green parts, (5) that the food comes downward through the phloem, (6) that it is stored as sugar in winter?

7. Discuss carbohydrate synthesis, proteid synthesis, the

digestion and translocation of these, the value of solutions in winter.

8. Compare in value tillage with fertilizers, both mineral and organic. Suggest a rotation of crops that might render summer fallowing unnecessary.

FINAL HONOURS.

BOTANY.

Histology.

1. Name the method you would use and give your reason for using it, but no description,-for preparing mounts of: (a) Stem of Pinus, (b) Strobilus of Selaginella, (c) Leaf of Poa pratensis, (d) Spirogyra, (e) Stem of Ranunculus, (f) Leaf of Fagus, (g) Rhizome of Pteris, (h) Rhizome of Lycopodium.

2. Give three good combinations of stains to differentiate lignified tissue from cellulose, stating which tissue takes each stain, and where such differentiation is useful.

3. Describe the process of putting materials through the paraffin method, and staining on the slide.

4. Give the steps in the celloidin method from absolute alcohol to the finished mount.

5. How would you test for (a) Proteids, (b) Starch in green leaves, (c) Fats, (d) Sugars, (e) Mucilage?

6. Tell what are the causes, and what are the methods of correcting the following difficulties: (a) Sections become cloudy in final xylol, (b) Paraffin will not form a ribbon of sections, (c) Celloidin matrix becomes cloudy in chloroform, (d) Small sections run to edge of cover when mounting.