which could not leave, joined in keeping possession of the Mooz Tagh, [], and were called by the Ugro-Tartars, [+], the Lesser Bactrians, [E]. Hence the names Greater and Lesser Bactria.

3. The world is numerous in three respects. China is numerous in men. Ta Ts'in, [Syria, or the Roman Empire of which Syria was then or afterwards a part], is numerous in precious things. Bactria, [], is numerous in horses.

4. In the 3rd year of F, [B.C. 98], Bactria sent an envoy with an offering of four ounces of.

5. In Bactria there is a Buddha's water bowl, [], which will hold over two quarts; it is of serpentine, mottled with white, and the quantity of water it will retain is variable, as much or as little as you please. [Compare Giles' Buddhist Kingdoms, Page 19, and Eitel's Handbook,, a city of ancient Bactriana, once a nursery of Buddhism, still famous for its sacred relics and monuments. The present Balkh].

6. Bactria is west of

from 2,000 to 3,000 li, on the River ; west of Bactria is

[or Oxus]. South of Bactria is

Parthia, []; north of Bactria is, [? Caratae].

7. The Han Emperor Wu Ti, having heard of thorough-breds, [F], and grapes, opened communications with and Parthia.

8. Thyme, [], is obtained from Parthia.

9. Chang K'ien represented the Emperor in Ta Hia; Kan Ying went as far as Parthia.

10. Storax, or the tree producing the Parthian perfume, comes from Persia, []. The tree in over 30 feet high, and has flowers, but no fruit. Its bark being incised, the gum looks like treacle, [f].

11. Wu-sun is north east of about 2,000 li. It is a nomadic country, with customs similar to those of the Huns, []. It is warlike, possessing several myriads of archers. Its great K'un-mi [or King] has his capital at the City of the Red Valley, [? Comedae], 8,900 li from Ch'ang-an.

12. The Red Valley city is ruled by the great K'un-mi of the Wu-sun country; the ground is jungly; it is rainy and cold; most of the hills are covered with pines and firs. They do not till here, but plant trees, and follow their herds wherever there is grass and water.

13. It is 610 li from Wên-suh Land [the modern name of Aksu city] north to Wu-sun.

14. The Wu-sun are amongst the Turkestan races, [], and their aspect is most strange. Those men [visiting China] of the present day, [A.D. 620], who have blue eyes, [#], red beards, and monkey-like faces are of the same extraction.

15. [The Western Turks] led the [high officers] and Khans, and [See China Review, Vol. XIII, No. 3], annexed the Tielêk in the north, [See ibid.], repulsed the Persians on the west, and joined the on the south, lording it over the west, [], and possessing themselves of the old Wu-sun country.

16. The white stork, [?

or Ciconia alba, which has red thighs and bill], is also called the Wu-sun Princess, [from the freely translated poem]:

Alas! my friends have married me,
Remote I sing;

They've sent me from my family,
Wu-sun's King!

Would a stork but change with me,
Happy thing!

[This is evidently the bird recently mentioned by the Shanghai Mercury in the "Ewo bag"].

17. He, [, B.C. 40 circ.], conducted an expedition against Wên-suh Land, [Aksu], and, following the northern road, entered the Red Valley, crossed the Wu-sun, and touched [?] the K'ang-kü frontier, reaching as far as west of, [? the sea of Aral].

18. He [as above] led his army in six columns, three of which took the southern road over the Belur Tagh, [], across Tayüan or Ta-üen, and three columns marched under himself [as in No. 17].

19. Ki-pin is flat and mild; here are lucerne, [], and divers grasses, and rare trees, such as sandal, [? Sophora], [? Euphorbia], bamboo, varnish. [Chalmers' K'ang-hi says is the of the Buddhist books].

20. The King of Su-lê Land rules the city of Su-lê, [the name given to modern Kashgar], distant from Ch'ang-an 9,350 li.

21. I, [Pan Ch'ao], remarked that the soil of [? Sogd] and Su-lê was rich and extensive, and the flora luxuriant, both in a less degree than in the neighbourhood of 敦煌 and 鄯善,[ie. near Koko-nor].

22. I, [Kêng Kung, circ. A.D. 70], seeing that there was a torrent by the side of Su-lê city which could be fortified, placed some troops there to resist [the enemy]. [But see the description of Ni-shih No. 100.].

23. The north river from Su-lê [Kashgar] runs straight along north of the south river. [This appears to be the case, from west to east].

27. Su-lê city is destitute of water springs within. [Mr. Kingsmill says, that Hayward's account of Yarkand corresponds]. 28. Tiao-chih, [], is several thousand li west of An-sih [Parthia]. It is close by the Western Sea, and has great birds, with eggs [large] as jars. Old men tell us by tradition that in Tiao-chih there is the weak water, and the Western King's Mother, [Mayers' Manual No. 572]; but she has never been seen.

29. The weak water, [mentioned in the Shu King as being in the extreme west]. The King [of Land] lives there; his name is, and in the centre of the stream there is the weak water running south; they cross it in boats made of ox hides. [Possibly hot springs; but Xenophon mentions crossing even the Euphrates on rafts made of inflated skins].

30. The is in the middle of the Western Sea, and is surrounded by the weak water, [**]: not even a quill will float, and you cannot cross it.

31. Tiao-chih produces lions, rhinoceros, ostriches, [?], 32. Ta Hia is over 2,000 li south-west of Ta Uan, with a population of over 1,000,000: its capital is called.· [? Drangianae].

33. The Hiung-nu Khan Chih-chih, [, See Chinese Recorder of 1884, Chinese relations with Tartar tribes], repeatedly borrowed troops to attack the Wu-sun, and penetrated as far as the Red Valley City.

34. During the reign of the Emperor, [B.C. 73-48], five Khans were striving for mastery. The Khan Huhanya with the Khan Chih-chih both sent their sons as pages. Afterwards Chihchih routed the F1, the H, and the T in the west; amalgamated the three states, and established his capital, killing the Chinese envoys and others. He then fled west to the K'angkü, several times raiding and massacring far into their country. [Chên] T'ang pretended to have received the Imperial commands, sent troops after him, and cut his head off.

35. A branch or kinsman of the Ta Ts'in State, and set over a small state as king of Yü-lo [F]. [Dr. Hirth thinks this is Hira, near Babylon].

36. K'ang-kü is distant 12,000 li from Chang-an.

37. The [Tajik or] Arabian [] horses understand what men say to them. Ta-shih [the Caliph Empire] is the land which was once Persia.

38. The 堅昆國 is the later 黠憂斯. This country is west of 伊吾,and north of 焉耆, alongside of the 白山, [a snow-capped peak in the Tien Shan Range. Porter Smith]. [See No. 78].

39. The T'iao-chih, []. The Persians are another tribe of Bactrians, [A], ruling at city: the ancient T'iao-chih. 40. Persia State. Before, there was a fugitive king, [? Perseus], and his descendants took their royal father's name as a family name, [? Persicus], which then became the name of the country, [Persia]. In this country there is the Upadum [] flower, of lovely bloom and luxuriance. It produces dragon-foal [full-bred] horses. Its salt lake produces coral trees one or two feet in length. There are also amber, cornelian, pearls, garnets, &c., which are thought quite common there. [Eitel's Buddhism. Udumbara ✯✯✯. A sacred tree, often confounded by Chinese with the Jack tree or Panasa,. Its fruit is called flowerless. Cf. Page 120, China Review, Vol. xIII:-"The bonoso tree comes from Persia, and also from Fu-lin, where it is evergreen, has no flowers, and produces fruit."]

41. Going west by the south road are State, State, and State, all of which are [since] annexed to

State.

The 戎盧 State, the 扜彌 State, the 渠勒 State, and the 皮穴 State are all annexed to Khoten. The Kipin State, the Ta Hia State and the State are all [since, i.e. temp. Wei Dynasty]

annexed to India, [F].

42. The King of Kuldja, [], rules over the city, which is 7,480 li distant from Chang-an.

43. The Lou-lan are the easternmost, almost bordering on China. Shen-shen is the former Lou-lan country, the eastern part of which is 5,000 li from Ch'ang-an.

44. Shen-shen State; formerly called Lou-lan. The King rules in city, over 1600 li distant from.

45. The Yen-ki, [], State, [Harashar], is distant from Loh-yang 8,200 li. Its area reaches south to , and borders north on Wu-sun: it is 400 li square, and is surrounded on all four sides by high mountains: the roads are defiles, and 100 men can prevent the passage of 1,000.

46. Küan-tuh State, [ (pronounced ), is south-east of Ta Hia, about several thousand li. Its habits are settled [i.e. not nomadic] like those of Ta Hia.

47. Like Chên Tang's feigning orders and again attacking State. The K'ang State is fond of dancing: there they spin round like the wind: it is vulgarly called Tartar spinning game, [胡旋 樂]

48. Tajik [] is [in part] the land once Persia: [they are] marked by bravery in fighting.

49. The horses of Tajik State understand the human voice [Cf. Bretschneider. Knowledge of the Arabian colonies, Page 6.].

50. West of Ta-shih there are, also an independent State, distant north from the land occupied by tribes of the Turks and Chozars [] several thousand li. [Dr. Bretschneider has proved Ta-shih to be the Empire of the Caliphs of Bagdad.]

51. The first communication with, [Yün Nan], was when [Chang K'ien] tried to get to Ta Hia.

52. Chang K'ien said to the Emperor, on his return from his mission to Bactria, [♬ E]:-"Ta-üen is distant from Han, [? the capital Ch'ang-an], about 10,000 l: their habits there are settled: they till the ground, and cultivate rice and wheat: they have grape-wine, and many excellent horses.

53. All about Ta-üan they use the grape for wine, and the rich store sometimes over 10,000 hundred-weight of wine. The nobility of Üan set up with the dignity of king. He sent his son (s) as page (s) in hostage to Han. Han upon this sent an envoy with bribes [or presents] to subdue him. When King Ch'an of Üan had become a vassal king of Han, he agreed every year to offer two thorough-breds, []. The Han envoy selected thorough-breds and lucerne seed, and returned. The Emperor, seeing that there were many thorough-breds, and that the envoys from foreign states were also numerous, planted more grapes and lucerne.

54. The commandant [at Canton, by name Chao] T'o, offered Kau Tsu [the first Han Emperor] sharks and lichees, in return for which the Emperor [sent him] grapes, &c. [It is to be noted that in many extracts the word "grapes" is used synonymously with "wine."]

55. The Tartars [A] are so extravagant that they have as many as 1,000 of grape-wine in their houses, and it does not go bad when kept for ten years.

56. The Emperor had been struck [or puzzled] with the saying from the ancient books: "The fairy horses should come from the north-west;" and, when he found his Wu-sun horses good, he named them; and again when he found his blood-sweating horses from Ta Yüan still stronger, he changed the names of his Wu-sun horses to, and called his Ta Yüan horses Tien-ma. Afterwards attacking Ta Yüan, he obtained a . [Numerous extracts shew that this expression was but metaphorical].

57. What the Han called Hiung-nu the Wei called T'uh-küeh, [Turks]; for generations they have occupied the Altaï Mountains,