Principles of Social Science

2 4. Variable policy of the United States. General tendency towards exhaus-
tion of the soil, and the production of a necessity for emigration. Diminu-

330

333

tion of power for maintaining the attraction of local centres. Errors of

Ricardo-Malthusian teachers. Declining power of association throughout

the Union.....

? 5. Error in one community tends to the production of error in all. British

warfare on the manufactures of other nations tends to the production of

slavery, abroad and at home. Extraordinary emigration from the British

islands

26. Tendency towards over-population, and a necessity for emigration, in the

direct ratio of the separation of the prices of raw materials and finished

commodities. British policy looks to widening the space between them.

Countries which follow in the lead of England, are those which furnish the

facts required for demonstrating the truth of Malthusian doctrines

OF THE MALTHUSIAN THEORY.

21. Constant tendency, according to Mr. Malthus, in all animated life, to in-

crease beyond the nourishment prepared for it. Facts, however, prove that

supply is, every where, a consequence of demand-the quantity of food pre-

pared for beings of every kind, being practically unlimited. Increase of

numbers, and of power, attended by increased ability to make demand, as

shown in all the advancing nations of the earth. Laws of nature vindicate

the ways God to man

? 2. Misery and vice attributed to deficiency in the powers of the earth to fur-

nish food to increasing numbers. May they not, on the contrary, be attrib-

uted to failure in man to qualify himself to make demands upon the earth?

Facts of history prove the difficulty to lie with man himself, and not in errors

of the Creator

23. Mr. Malthus gives facts, and calls them science. Science demands prin-

ciples asking, Why it is, that such things are? Failure of Mr. Malthus to

establish "the one great cause" of the various facts observed. Cause and

effect constantly changing places with each other, throughout his work. His

Principle of Population a mere form of words, indicating the existence of

an altogether imaginary fact

349

352

354

24. His great and universal remedy for the disease of over-population. Inap-

plicable in the cases by him described. Prudence and foresight recommended

by writers, who commence by destroying in their readers all feeling of hope

in the future. Injurious character of the teachings of the Malthusian school.

Real moral restraint comes with the development of individuality, resulting

from diversity in the demands for human powers. British system tends to

prevent that development, and thus produces the disease described by Mr.

Malthus...
360

25. Responsibility grows with the growth of the gifts of God to man. Poor

laborer the slave of circumstances, yet held responsible for his acts. Ten-

dency of the Malthusian doctrine to shift responsibility from the rich and

strong, to the poor, the weak, and the uninstructed

...

364

The nearer the consumer to the producer, the larger the production, the

more equitable the distribution, and the greater the tendency to the develop-

ment of the feeling of responsibility among the poor and the rich. Reckless-

ness grows as the producer and consumer are more widely separated.-British

teachers misled by facts that are consequent upon errors of British policy.

Unchristian character of the Malthusian theory

366

CHAPTER L.

OF COMMERCE.

21. Relations of the sexes. Woman a slave to man, in the early stages of

society. Her condition improves as wealth and population grow, and as the

real MAN is more developed. The more rapid the societary circulation, and

the greater the tendency towards the creation of a scientific agriculture, the

more does the sex tend towards occupying its true position

? 2. Condition of woman in Greece, Italy, and France, at various periods.

Centralization tends to its deterioration. Phenomena observed in Central

and Northern Europe. Woman rises in the scale as land becomes divided,

and man becomes more free

? 3. Saxon women sold to slavery. General improvement in the condition of

the women of England. Loss of the rights of property secured to them by

the early English law. Deterioration of the condition of the sex, in all the

countries that follow in the train of England

368

372

374

3 4. How the condition of English women is affected by trading centralization.

Growing competition for the sale of female labor. Consequent low wages,

and necessity for resorting to prostitution. Protection tends to produce com-

petition for its purchase-thereby benefiting the sex throughout the world.. 378

25. Extraordinary contrasts presented by the condition of the sex in the seve-

ral portions of the American Union. Theory of the government favorable to

the creation of local centres, and to the elevation of the sex.
Its practice,

tending towards centralization, adverse thereto, and hence the rapid growth

of female crime and prostitution

383

CHAPTER LI.

THE SAME SUBJECT CONTINUED.

1. Relations of the family. Weakness of the family ties, in the early stages

of society. Responsibility, in both parent and child, grows with the growth

in the diversity of employments-with division of the land—and with the

approximation of consumers to producers

? 2. Education in Central and Northern Europe. Growing feeling of respon-

sibility for proper training of youth, as manifested in all those countries in

which employments are becoming more diversified.

386

388

3. Reverse of this exhibited in those which follow in the train of England-

employments there becoming less diversified. Condition of English children.

Absence of provision for general education. Child-murder. Children re-

garded as mere instruments to be used by trade. Contrast to this, presented

by the condition of the children of Northern and Central Europe. Destruct-

ive tendencies of English policy. Consequent necessity for a theory of over-

population

391

24. Extraordinary contrasts here again presented by the American Union.

Growing centralization, and rapid growth of juvenile crime

25. That education given in the school may prove useful, it is needed that

there be demand for the faculties there developed. That there may be such

demand, it is required that there be diversity in the modes of employment.

That the latter may exist, there is needed an exercise of the power of the

21. Commerce of the State. Solidarity of the human race.

of man. Correspondence between the structure and functions of the indi-

vidual man, and the aggregate man denominated Society. Co-ordinating

office of the brain. Its power limited by the necessary liberty of the indi-

vidual organs. Various degrees of subordination of the parts. Checks and

balances of the system, correspond to those of civil government. Necessity

for exercise of the power of co-ordination grows, in individuals and societies,

as the organization becomes more complete. Local centres of the physical

and social systems. Power and duties of the brain. Correspondence of

those of civil government. Government among spontaneities. Order and

liberty combined and secured. Graduated and federated system of govern-

ment, in the human body, analogous to the political organization of that

social one which constitutes the United States

? 2. Social science here branches into political economy- the one treating of

natural laws, and the other of the measures required for enabling those laws

to have full effect. Relation of science and art, as exhibited by M. Comte.

Necessity for exercise of the power of co-ordination. Duties to be performed,

in reference to the social body, the same with those that, in the physical

one, arc assigned to the brain. The more perfect the co-ordination, the

more complete, in both, the development of all the parts, and the more har-

monious the action of the whole. Tendency to the creation of local centres.

The more perfect the balance of opposing forces, the greater the tendency

towards human freedom. Duty of the co-ordinating power limited to the

removal of obstacles to association

401

409

23. Universal tendency towards association. Joint-stock companies. Acts
of incorporation. Limitation of liability. Correspondence of the societary
action with the natural laws instituted for man's government. Monopolies. +
Early appearance, among the Greeks and Romans, of corporations for politi-

cal and commercial purposes. Limitation of liability throughout the Roman

empire. With growing centralization and declining civilization, limitation

disappears. Consequent disappearance of local governments, followed by

ruin of the empire. Gradual revival of local institutions. Effect of their

re-appearance, in facilitating commerce, promoting the development of

individuality, and aiding in the re-establishment of regular government.

American civil polity distinguished by the prevalence and diversity of corpo-

rations. Organization necessary to association. Societary movement be-

comes more rapid as the power of combination becomes more complete.

Power of the trader declines as men are more enabled to associate. Buying

and selling an array of hostile interests—all idea of harmony or equity being

excluded: Harmony grows as the producer and the consumer take their