Early colonist, poverty of the, i. 263.
centres of civilization, i. 382. Earth, the. Gives nothing, but is willing to lend everything, i. 83, ii. 25. Condi- tions upon which her loans are made, i. 83. Of the occupation of the, i. 94. Alone capable of producing vital changes in the forms of matter, i. 220. Constitutes the great labor-savings' bank, i. 221. The only machine capa- ble of being improved by use, i. 221. That it may be improved, the con- sumer and the producer must come to- gether, i. 83.
Economy of force, a consequence of in- stant demand for labor-power, iii. 25.
of human power in the ratio of the societary circulation, i. 379. How it affects the growth of capital, ii. 102. of human effort resulting from improvement in the machinery of con- version, i. 385.
of labor consequent upon the growth of capital, ii. 17. How the use of the precious metals tends to pro- duce, ii. 298. Exists in the ratio of the approximation of the consumer to the producer, ii. 278. Diversity of em- ployments, the condition of, iii. 39. Capital grows with increased rapidity, with every stage of progress towards, iii. 61. How the policy of Colbert tended to promote, iii. 66. Errors of the British school in regard to, iii. 66. How affected by measures of protec- tion, iii. 67.
of the earth's products, resulting from growth in the power of combina- tion, i. 271, ii. 29.
Eden treaty, the, and its effects, ii. 49. Edict of Nantes, the, revocation of, and its effects, ii. 47.
Education, of, in Denmark, ii. 115, iii. 389. In Spain, ii. 122. In Germany, ii. 144, iii. 389. In Sweden, ii. 172, iii. 389. In France, iii. 388. In Belgium, iii. 389. In India, iii. 391. In Eng- land, iii. 391, 395. In the United States, iii. 397.
Edward III., protective policy of, i. 392. That policy approved of, by Mr. McCul- loch, iii. 396.
Effect of changes of the societary pro- portions, i. 259, 473, ii. 22. Of the ab- sence of small farms in England, i. 447, ii. 93, iii. 288. Of sudden emancipa- tion in Jamaica, i. 305. Egypt, course of settlement in, i. 133. Emigration from Great Britain, i. 440,
iii. 335. Of the United States, iii. 337. Employments, diversity of, indispensable to the development of agriculture, ii. 27. How they become diversified, ii. 273.- (See Diversification of Employments.)
Endless circulation of matter, the, i. 66. Enforced moral restraint urged, as needed for protection against evils resulting from divine laws, iii. 360. England, decline of individuality in, i. 56. Course of settlement in, i. 123. Colonial system of, i. 285. Prohibition of association among her colonists, i. 286. Rude character of her commerce, under the Plantagenets, i. 394. Phe- nomena then exhibited in, precisely similar to those of purely agricultural countries of the present day, i. 395. Irregularity in the prices of raw pro- ducts in, i. 396. Resistance to Flemish monopolies by, i. 396. Statute of 1347, and its effects in, i. 397. Institution of poor-laws in, i. 398. Navigation laws of, i. 398. Yarranton on the state of, at the close of the 17th cen- tury, i. 399. His suggestions, as to the course of policy required by, i. 400. Dependence of the farmers of, upon the continental markets, and its effects, i. 404. Growth of manufactures in, i. 406. Farmers of, relieved from the tax of transportation, i. 407. Monopo- listic measures of, i. 408. Their inju- rious and unchristian character, i. 408. Colonial policy of, i. 411. System of, looks to establishing the supremacy of trade and transportation over agricul- ture, i. 412. Origin of the doctrine of over-population, i. 413. System of, adverse to the interests of her own people, i. 422. Trivial advantage de- rived by, from the destruction of Indian commerce and manufactures, i. 424. Intemperance in, i. 425. Slow increase in the value of the land of, ii. 75. Ex- ports of, ii. 81. Large import of food into, ii. 82. Small consumption of food by the laborers of, ii. 83. Import of raw materials into, ii. 84. Number of persons employed in the manufacture of, ii. 84. Rude character of the ex- ports of, ii. 85. Consolidation of the land of, ii. 92. Agricultural wages of, ii. 93. Levelling of cottages in, ii. 92. Condition of the agricultural popula- tion of, ii. 94. Absenteeism of, ii. 96. Most useful facts in support of the over-population theory to be found in, ii. 105. Causes of the poverty of, ii. 208. Bank of, ii. 372. Joint-stock banks of, ii. 395. Private banks of, ii. 395. Heavy losses by failures in, ii. 409. Of production in, iii. 31. Growth of fixed and movable capital in, iii. 57. Division and consolidation of land in, iii. 79. Public debt of, iii. 90. Growth of centralization in, iii. 229. Brace, on the condition of the people of, iii. 242. Kay, on the social condi-
tion of, i. 425, 442, 447, ii. 94, iii. 157, 280, 289. Movement of population in, iii. 269. Infanticide in, iii. 289. Dura- tion of life in, iii. 290. Marriages and births of, iii. 291. Prices of corn at various periods in, iii. 315. Condition
of woman in, iii. 374. Rapid growth of female crime in, iii. 382. Education in, iii. 391, 395. Condition of laboring population of, iii. 394. Crime in, iii. 399. Pauperism a necessary consequence of the system of, iii. 348. Poor rates of, iii. 438. Insubordination in, iii. 462. English centralization. How it affects the distribution, ii. 309.
children, mere instruments to be used by trade, iii. 396.
Economists. Their preference of trade to agriculture, ii. 37.
joint-stock banks, defects in the organization of, ii. 395. Excessive over-trading of, ii. 401.
land-holders, decline in the num- ber of, i. 445, ii. 79.
private banks, numerous failures of, ii. 395.
social system. Cheap labor the condition of its existence, i. 239.
tenants, ruin of, ii. 78.
and American crusade against circulating notes, ii. 334. Enlightened self-interest would lead us
to desire the improvement of our neigh- bors, whether individuals or nations, i. 371. Enormous loss to the farmer, resulting from distance of the market, i. 278. Epitome of the aggregate man found in the individual man, iii. 404. Equality, how increase in the supply of the precious metals tends to produce, ii. 345. Grows, as the circulation be- comes more rapid, iii. 93. Tendency of the law of distribution to produce, iii. 121, 159, 167.
Equalization of soils, effect of growing human power in producing, iii. 333. Equitable Pioneers' Society, remarkable case of co-operation presented by the, iii. 422.
Equities, last developed of the, that be- tween man and the earth, iii. 468. Erroneous policy of the United States, ii. 181, 185.
Errors of economists, in regard to money, ii. 339, 446-480.
of Messrs. Malthus and Ricardo, ii. 36. Causes of those errors, iii. 31. Everett, E., on the violation of the rights of neutrals, ii. 183.
Every development of force involves a consumption of matter, i. 65.
act of association an act of com-
Exchange, machinery of. Loss resulting from the necessity for its use, i. 187. Exchanges, limited number of, in the early periods of society, ii. 295.
of service, the precious metals the instruments provided by nature for effecting, ii. 293.
Exhaustion of the soil, a consequence of dependence upon distant markets, i. 83. Effects of the, i. 281, ii. 212.
of the soil of Ireland, i. 326. Of India, i. 353. Of the United States, ii. 215. Of the older States of the Union, iii. 338.
Exhaustive policy of Great Britain, i. 380, 434, ii. 87.
Exodus of the Irish people, i. 328. Export of food from Ireland, i. 337; from the United States, ii. 281; from Russia, ii. 152.
Exports of Turkey, i. 318; of Russia, ii. 149; of Sweden, ii. 169; of France, iii. 448; of Belgium, iii. 449; of the United States, iii. 451.
Expulsion of the Spanish Moors, i. 251. of the British and Irish people,
of the people of the older Ameri- can States, ii. 180, iii. 338. Extinction of British peers, iii. 306. Of Roman patricians, iii. 307. Of the Bourgeoisie, iii. 307.
Facts of history every where opposed to the Ricardo theory, i. 142. Failures of American banks, causes of the, ii. 429.
of English banks, ii. 395. Fall of Sparta and Carthage, i. 246. Falsification of money in Greece and
Italy, ii. 360. In France, ii. 361. In Scotland and England, ii. 362. Famines, frequency of, in countries of declining population, i. 86. population, i. 86. Constant occurrence of, in the early stages of society, i. 208, iii. 314. Of Spain, i. 250.
Of Ireland, i. 328. Of Madeira, i. 310. Of Scotland, iii. 37. Of early England, iii. 138.
Farmer, taxation of, by the British sys- tem, i. 432, ii. 87.
the, near to market, always making a machine: the one distant from it, always destroying one, i. 272. , the American, not protected by his government, ii. 188. Fecundity, in the inverse ratio of deve- lopment, iii. 263. Graduated inversely as the rank of the animal, iii. 302.
and mortality, their relations to each other, iii. 304.
of slaves and drudges, iii. 299.
Fecundity, immense, of the lower ani- | Forbes, Rev. Dr., on the condition of
Federative system of government, in the human system, corresponds to the political system of the United States, iii. 408.
Female crime in England, growth of, iii. 382.
Ferrara, Prof., on the law of distribution, iii. 149, 168.
Financial crises, seat and causes of, ii. 415, iii. 222.
First and heaviest tax on land and labor, i. 271, ii. 30, 63.
step towards obtaining power over nature, always the most costly and the least productive, i. 184, 375, 383. Fitzhugh, on the effects of free trade on the Southern United States, i. 373. Fixed capital. Changes in the proportion borne by it to that which is movable, iii. 51. Increase in the proportions of, an evidence of advancing civilization, iii. 59. Growth of, accompanied by increase in the rapidity of the societary circulation, iii. 93. Errors of British economists in regard to, iii. 166. Flemish monopolies, and their effects, i. 392.
Food, effects of increased regularity in
the supply of, ii. 21. Increased pro- duction of, in France, ii. 54. Small export of, from Russia, ii. 152; from the United States, ii. 193. How a ne- cessity for the export of, affects prices, ii. 194. How the American laborer would be affected by increase in the prices of, ii. 194. Decline in American prices of, ii. 232. Irregularity in the supplies of, which attends the early pe- riods of society, iii. 313. Regularity grows with the growth of wealth and numbers, iii. 314. Diminution in the demand for, accompanies increase in the supply of, iii. 316. Substitution of vegetable, for that of animals, iii. 316. Economy of, resulting from increase in the power of combination, iii. 318. Supply of, increases as the consumer and the producer come nearer together, iii. 320. Becomes more abundant in all the countries that adopt the policy of Colbert, iii. 321. How American and English policy affects the supplies of, iii. 321, 323. American production of, iii. 322, 432. Adulteration of, con- sequent upon the separation of con- sumers and producers, iii. 324. creases in abundance as the prices of rude products and finished commodi- ties more and more approximate, iii. 325.
and population, law of the relative increase of, i. 88, iii. 325.
Scottish laborers, ii. 96.
Force, a result of the consumption of matter, i. 65.
Foreign commerce of Spain, ii. 123. Of Germany, ii. 136. Of Sweden, ii. 169. Formation of coral islands, i. 74.
of society, of the, i. 198.
of soils, i. 72, 75. Fortescue, on the condition of the French people, in the 15th century, iii. 139. France. Great increase in the agricultu- ral products of, i. 87. Course of settle- ment in, i. 126. Abandonment of the richer soils, during the civil wars of, i. 143. Efforts of, to destroy the power of association among her neighbors, i. 252. Has abounded in machinery of war and trade, while destroying com- merce, i. 253. Vauban and Boisguil- bert on the condition of, under Louis XIV., i. 254. Poverty of the people of that period, and consequent weak- ness of the government, i. 255. Cost to, of the wars of the revolution, i. 255. Splendor of, always followed by ex- haustion, i. 256. Farmers-General of, i. 256. Colonial system of, i. 285. Close alliance of war and trade exhib- ited in, ii. 43. Waste of force in, ii. 43. Commerce sacrificed to trade in, ii. 44. Parasitic races abounding in, ii. 45. Magnificence and poverty of, at the date of the advent of Colbert, ii. 46. His policy favored growth of the com- merce of, ii. 46. Repeal of the Edict of Nantes, and its effects, ii. 47. State of commerce under Louis XV., ii. 48. Turgot called to the administration of, ii. 48. Eden treaty, and its effects on, ii. 49. Revolution followed by dimi- nution in the restraints upon internal commerce, ii. 50. Agricultural pro- gress of, ii. 51. Burthens of the agri- culturists of, prior to the revolution, ii. 52. Increased production of food in, ii. 54. De Fontenay and De Lavergne on agriculture in, ii. 55, 68. Approxi- mation of the prices of raw materials and finished products in, ii. 56. Changes in the distribution of labor's pro- ducts in, ii. 57. Wages of labor in, ii. 57. Prices of wheat in, ii. 58. Blanqui and Chevalier on the condition of the people of, ii. 59. Extraordinary con- trasts of, ii. 61. Errors of economists of, ii. 71. Growing equality of the lands of, ii. 64. Rapid growth of manufactures in, ii. 64. Extraordinary centralization of, ii. 66. Heavy taxa- tion of, ii. 67. Undeveloped powers of the soil of, ii. 68. Greeley, H., on, ii. 68. Commercial policy of, in full accordance with the ideas of Adam
Smith, ii. 70, 104. Increase in the value of the land of, ii. 75. As a rule, feeds herself, ii. 80. Exports of, ii. 80, 311. Manufactures subsidiary to agri- culture in, ii. 81. Small export of raw produce by, ii. 81. Finished character of the exports of, ii. 85, 99. Increase of laborer's proportion in, ii. 91. Grow- ing independence of, ii. 98. How em- ployments become diversified in, ii. 272. Tendency of the precious metals towards, ii. 311. Rapid advance of, prior to the Eden treaty, ii. 313. Diffi- culty of, not to produce, but to sell, ii. 348. Of banking in, ii. 410. Falsifi- cation of the coin in, ii. 410. Assignats of, ii. 411. Creation of the Bank of, ii. 412. Monetary centralization of, ii. 412. Local banks of, ii. 416. Of pro- duction in, iii. 28. Rapid growth of fixed capital in, iii. 56. Division of the land of, iii. 83. Stoppages of the circulation in, iii. 84. Mississippi scheme, and its effects in, iii. 85. Re- moval of obstacles to the circulation of, iii. 87. Its effect, as exhibited in the development of agriculture, iii. 88. Fortescue on the condition of, in the 15th century, iii. 139. Passy, M., on the agriculture of, iii. 140. Indirect taxes of the early periods of, iii. 175. Taxation of the pays d'états, and pays d'élection, of, iii. 227. Of concentra- tion as exhibited in, iii. 227. Pheno- mena of population in, iii. 278. Aug- mented supplies of food to the people of, iii. 321. Condition of woman in, iii. 372. Of education in, iii. 388. Early corporations of, iii. 419. How protection benefits the farmers of, iii. 431. Contributions of, to the commerce of the world, iii. 448.
France and England, contests of, for the leadership of the world, ii. 73. Freedom, growth of, in Athens, i. 241. Grows with the development of the power of association, i. 283. Growth of, in France, ii. 50; in Germany, ii. 145; in Russia, ii. 159. How concen- tration affects the growth of, iii. 225. How competition for the purchase of labor promotes the growth of, iii. 235.
real, of trade. Who has it, the French or the American farmer? iii. 434. The establishment of, the object of pro- tection, iii. 453. Freemen. How they might profit by the study of Social Science, iii. 470. Free trade, as exhibited in Ireland, i. 324; in India, i. 361; in the Southern States of the American Union, i. 373; in Rus- sia, ii. 148; in the United States, ii. 225. How it affects the supply of the precious metals to the United States, ii. 320.
How it affects the currency, ii. 437. How it affects the societary movement of the United States, ii. 438. Free-trade inconsistencies, iii. 442. advocates. How they How they might profit by the study of Social Science, iii. 470. French colonies, causes of the failures of, i. 117. and British colonial systems com- pared, i. 307.
Revolution. Cost of the wars of the, i. 255. Initial measures of the, ii. 49.
and English agriculture compared, ii. 76.
and British systems, essential dif- ferences of the, ii. 72, 91, 102. Friction. Production increases with dim- inution of, iii. 24.
Functions of the body. Scale of their subordination to the cerebral powers, iii. 403.
, voluntary, involuntary, and mixed, iii. 404.
Garnier, Marquis. His approval of indi- rect taxation, iii. 202. Gee, on Trade. Gee, on Trade. Extract from, i. 290. Genoa. Her history one of unceasing wars for trade, i. 249. Germany. The home of European de- centralization, i. 48. Federal system of, i. 49. Growing feeling of respon- sibility in, i. 59. Course of settlement in, i. 130. Rise and Rise and progress of man- ufactures in, ii. 125. Causes which led to the institution of the Zoll- Verein, ii. 127. Its gradual formation, ii. 129. Consequent approximation in the prices of rude products and finished commo- dities, ii. 131. Mines and furnaces of, ii. 133. Internal communications of, ii. 134. Agricultural progress of, ii. 135, 140. Foreign commerce of, ii. 136. Combination of the labors of the field and the workshop in, ii. 138. Science every where appreciated in, ii. 141. Division of land in, ii. 141. No com- plaints of pauperism in, ii. 143. Edu- cation in, ii. 144, iii. 389. Respect for rights of property in, ii. 145. Cheva- lier Bunsen on, ii. 146. Peasant pro- prietors and Revenue system of, iii. 194. Phenomena of population in, iii. 279. Contributions of, to the commerce of the world, iii. 449. Gibraltar, a great smuggling depot, i. 237. Gisborne, T., on English agriculture, ex- tract from, ii. 35. Glorification of Trade, by Great Britain, i. 457.
Glory, measure of, i. 209. Goethe, on the methods of science, i. 31. On difference, as the condition of de- velopment, i. 53. On the efficacy of mere words, iii. 445.
Gold, causes of its exclusion from circu- lation in Holland, ii. 347. Government amid spontaneities, iii. 408.
, corporate and municipal, iii. 408. designed both for assistance and defence of societies, iii. 405.
finds its office in providing for the wants of its subjects, iii. 405. Regu- lative intervention of the brain in both the physical and social, iii. 403. Of civil, iii. 405. Governments become oppressive in the ratio of their failure to exercise the power of co-ordination, iii. 440. Gradual substitution of the vegetable and mineral kingdom for the animal one, iii. 317. How the supply of the wants of man is affected by it, iii. 318. Graham, Sir James, regards man as a mere instrument to be used by trade, i. 474.
Gratuity of nature's services, i. 173. Gravitation. Resistance thereto, in the direct ratio of organization, i. 89.
molecular. Subjection of man
to the great law of, i. 42. Great Britain. Prohibitions of the export of artisans and machinery from, i. 287. System of, based upon the idea of main- taining and increasing the tax of transportation, i. 288. Sacrifices com- | merce at the shrine of trade, i. 289. Condition of, as exhibited by Adam Smith, i. 415. Unceasing wars of, i. 419. Policy of, directly opposed to the teachings of Adam Smith, i. 421. Ef- forts of, to destroy the competition of other nations, i. 420. Large capitals the great instruments of warfare of, i. 421. Changes in the societary propor- tions of, i. 435. Emigration from, i. 440. Diminution of the rural popula- tion of, i. 441. Diminished power of employing small capitals in, i. 444. Growing centralization of, i. 444. In- creasing proportion of labor's products absorbed by the traders of, i. 445. Gulf dividing the higher and lower classes of society, a constantly widen- ing one, i. 446. Demoralization of the people, and strife for life in, i. 447. Decline of local centres, and growing centralization of, i. 449. Failure of the Reform Act in, i. 451. Montalem- bert on the dangers to society in, i. 451. Growing societary imperfection, and international immorality, in, i. 452. Declining power of self-direction in, i. | 453. Dalhousie, on the dangers of
Indian Government by, i. 453. Mo- mentary expediency, the sole rule of action of, i. 454. Selfish policy of, i. 455. Rev. Sidney Smith on the taxa- tion of, i. 456. Thornton on the con- dition of the people of, i. 456. Glori- fication of trade by, i. 457. Parnell on the cost of the colonies of, i. 457. Slight development of the artistic fac- ulty in, ii. 85. Account of, with the world at large, ii. 86. Movement of, as compared with that of France, ii. 86. How agricultural nations are taxed for the maintenance of the fleets and armies of, ii. 87. Consolidation of the land of, ii. 95. Growing dependence of, ii. 97. Rude character of the ex- ports of, ii. 100. Trading policy of, ii. 105. Export of corn by, and its effects, ii. 191. Power of, to command the services of the great forces of nature, ii. 207. Tendency of the precious metals towards, ii. 310. Becomes more and more a mere trader, ii. 311. lations of money and other capital in, ii. 340. Diminishing power of, ii. 352. Small amount of capital employed in banking, in, ii. 406. Woman's condi- tion in, iii. 382.-(See England.) Great cities grow with the growth of cen- tralization, i. 257.
obstacle to human development,
men generally unprolific, iii.
306. Greatest effects always the result of the most minute causes, whether in the physical or social world, ii. 354, iii. 309.
Greece. Tendency towards local asso- ciation in, i. 45. Decline of individu- ality in, i. 55. Course of settlement in, i. 132. Colonial system of, i. 285. Division of the land of, and its effects, iii. 82. Development of concentration in, iii. 216.
Grecian colonization, iii. 334.
history, early periods of, i. 240. Greeley, H., on France, ii. 68. On the manufactures of Russia, ii. 155. Growing power of association, a cause of rejoicing to all, except the trader, i. 212.
equality of the various soils of France, ii. 64.
independence of France, ii. 104; of Russia, ii. 166. Guillard, M. His Statisque Humaine, iii. 281.
Guizot, M., on Roman civilization, i. 248; on civil and municipal corporations, iii. 417.
Guyot, M. His Earth and Man, extracts from, i. 53, iii. 331, 333.
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