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Early colonist, poverty of the, i. 263.

centres of civilization, i. 382.
Earth, the. Gives nothing, but is willing
to lend everything, i. 83, ii. 25. Condi-
tions upon which her loans are made,
i. 83. Of the occupation of the, i. 94.
Alone capable of producing vital
changes in the forms of matter, i. 220.
Constitutes the great labor-savings'
bank, i. 221. The only machine capa-
ble of being improved by use, i. 221.
That it may be improved, the con-
sumer and the producer must come to-
gether, i. 83.

Economy of force, a consequence of in-
stant demand for labor-power, iii. 25.

of human power in the ratio of
the societary circulation, i. 379. How
it affects the growth of capital, ii. 102.
of human effort resulting from
improvement in the machinery of con-
version, i. 385.

of labor consequent upon the
growth of capital, ii. 17. How the use
of the precious metals tends to pro-
duce, ii. 298. Exists in the ratio of
the approximation of the consumer to
the producer, ii. 278. Diversity of em-
ployments, the condition of, iii. 39.
Capital grows with increased rapidity,
with every stage of progress towards,
iii. 61. How the policy of Colbert
tended to promote, iii. 66. Errors of
the British school in regard to, iii. 66.
How affected by measures of protec-
tion, iii. 67.

of the earth's products, resulting
from growth in the power of combina-
tion, i. 271, ii. 29.

Eden treaty, the, and its effects, ii. 49.
Edict of Nantes, the, revocation of, and
its effects, ii. 47.

Education, of, in Denmark, ii. 115, iii.
389. In Spain, ii. 122. In Germany,
ii. 144, iii. 389. In Sweden, ii. 172, iii.
389. In France, iii. 388. In Belgium,
iii. 389. In India, iii. 391. In Eng-
land, iii. 391, 395. In the United
States, iii. 397.

Edward III., protective policy of, i. 392.
That policy approved of, by Mr. McCul-
loch, iii. 396.

Effect of changes of the societary pro-
portions, i. 259, 473, ii. 22. Of the ab-
sence of small farms in England, i. 447,
ii. 93, iii. 288. Of sudden emancipa-
tion in Jamaica, i. 305.
Egypt, course of settlement in, i. 133.
Emigration from Great Britain, i. 440,

iii. 335. Of the United States, iii. 337.
Employments, diversity of, indispensable
to the development of agriculture, ii. 27.
How they become diversified, ii. 273.-
(See Diversification of Employments.)

Endless circulation of matter, the, i. 66.
Enforced moral restraint urged, as needed
for protection against evils resulting
from divine laws, iii. 360.
England, decline of individuality in, i.
56. Course of settlement in, i. 123.
Colonial system of, i. 285. Prohibition
of association among her colonists, i.
286. Rude character of her commerce,
under the Plantagenets, i. 394. Phe-
nomena then exhibited in, precisely
similar to those of purely agricultural
countries of the present day, i. 395.
Irregularity in the prices of raw pro-
ducts in, i. 396. Resistance to Flemish
monopolies by, i. 396. Statute of 1347,
and its effects in, i. 397. Institution
of poor-laws in, i. 398. Navigation
laws of, i. 398. Yarranton on the
state of, at the close of the 17th cen-
tury, i. 399. His suggestions, as to
the course of policy required by, i. 400.
Dependence of the farmers of, upon
the continental markets, and its effects,
i. 404. Growth of manufactures in, i.
406. Farmers of, relieved from the
tax of transportation, i. 407. Monopo-
listic measures of, i. 408. Their inju-
rious and unchristian character, i. 408.
Colonial policy of, i. 411. System of,
looks to establishing the supremacy of
trade and transportation over agricul-
ture, i. 412. Origin of the doctrine of
over-population, i. 413. System of,
adverse to the interests of her own
people, i. 422. Trivial advantage de-
rived by, from the destruction of Indian
commerce and manufactures, i. 424.
Intemperance in, i. 425. Slow increase
in the value of the land of, ii. 75. Ex-
ports of, ii. 81. Large import of food
into, ii. 82. Small consumption of food
by the laborers of, ii. 83. Import of
raw materials into, ii. 84. Number of
persons employed in the manufacture
of, ii. 84. Rude character of the ex-
ports of, ii. 85. Consolidation of the
land of, ii. 92. Agricultural wages of,
ii. 93. Levelling of cottages in, ii. 92.
Condition of the agricultural popula-
tion of, ii. 94. Absenteeism of, ii. 96.
Most useful facts in support of the
over-population theory to be found in,
ii. 105. Causes of the poverty of, ii.
208. Bank of, ii. 372. Joint-stock
banks of, ii. 395. Private banks of, ii.
395. Heavy losses by failures in, ii.
409. Of production in, iii. 31. Growth
of fixed and movable capital in, iii. 57.
Division and consolidation of land
in, iii. 79. Public debt of, iii. 90.
Growth of centralization in, iii. 229.
Brace, on the condition of the people
of, iii. 242. Kay, on the social condi-

tion of, i. 425, 442, 447, ii. 94, iii. 157,
280, 289. Movement of population in,
iii. 269. Infanticide in, iii. 289. Dura-
tion of life in, iii. 290. Marriages and
births of, iii. 291. Prices of corn at
various periods in, iii. 315. Condition

of woman in, iii. 374. Rapid growth
of female crime in, iii. 382. Education
in, iii. 391, 395. Condition of laboring
population of, iii. 394. Crime in, iii. 399.
Pauperism a necessary consequence of
the system of, iii. 348. Poor rates of,
iii. 438. Insubordination in, iii. 462.
English centralization. How it affects
the distribution, ii. 309.

children, mere instruments to be
used by trade, iii. 396.

Economists. Their preference of
trade to agriculture, ii. 37.

joint-stock banks, defects in the
organization of, ii. 395. Excessive
over-trading of, ii. 401.

land-holders, decline in the num-
ber of, i. 445, ii. 79.

private banks, numerous failures
of, ii. 395.

social system. Cheap labor the
condition of its existence, i. 239.

tenants, ruin of, ii. 78.

and American crusade against
circulating notes, ii. 334.
Enlightened self-interest would lead us

to desire the improvement of our neigh-
bors, whether individuals or nations,
i. 371.
Enormous loss to the farmer, resulting
from distance of the market, i. 278.
Epitome of the aggregate man found in
the individual man, iii. 404.
Equality, how increase in the supply of
the precious metals tends to produce,
ii. 345. Grows, as the circulation be-
comes more rapid, iii. 93. Tendency
of the law of distribution to produce,
iii. 121, 159, 167.

Equalization of soils, effect of growing
human power in producing, iii. 333.
Equitable Pioneers' Society, remarkable
case of co-operation presented by the,
iii. 422.

Equities, last developed of the, that be-
tween man and the earth, iii. 468.
Erroneous policy of the United States,
ii. 181, 185.

Errors of economists, in regard to money,
ii. 339, 446-480.

of Messrs. Malthus and Ricardo,
ii. 36. Causes of those errors, iii. 31.
Everett, E., on the violation of the rights
of neutrals, ii. 183.

Every development of force involves a
consumption of matter, i. 65.

act of association an act of com-

merce, i. 198.

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Exchange, machinery of. Loss resulting
from the necessity for its use, i. 187.
Exchanges, limited number of, in the
early periods of society, ii. 295.

of service, the precious metals
the instruments provided by nature for
effecting, ii. 293.

Exhaustion of the soil, a consequence of
dependence upon distant markets, i. 83.
Effects of the, i. 281, ii. 212.

of the soil of Ireland, i. 326. Of
India, i. 353. Of the United States, ii.
215. Of the older States of the Union,
iii. 338.

Exhaustive policy of Great Britain, i. 380,
434, ii. 87.

Exodus of the Irish people, i. 328.
Export of food from Ireland, i. 337; from
the United States, ii. 281; from Russia,
ii. 152.

Exports of Turkey, i. 318; of Russia, ii.
149; of Sweden, ii. 169; of France, iii.
448; of Belgium, iii. 449; of the United
States, iii. 451.

Expulsion of the Spanish Moors, i. 251.
of the British and Irish people,

iii. 345.

of the people of the older Ameri-
can States, ii. 180, iii. 338.
Extinction of British peers, iii. 306. Of
Roman patricians, iii. 307. Of the
Bourgeoisie, iii. 307.

F.

Facts of history every where opposed to
the Ricardo theory, i. 142.
Failures of American banks, causes of
the, ii. 429.

of English banks, ii. 395.
Fall of Sparta and Carthage, i. 246.
Falsification of money in Greece and

Italy, ii. 360. In France, ii. 361. In
Scotland and England, ii. 362.
Famines, frequency of, in countries of
declining population, i. 86.
population, i. 86. Constant
occurrence of, in the early stages of
society, i. 208, iii. 314. Of Spain, i.
250.

Of Ireland, i. 328. Of Madeira,
i. 310. Of Scotland, iii. 37. Of early
England, iii. 138.

Farmer, taxation of, by the British sys-
tem, i. 432, ii. 87.

the, near to market, always
making a machine: the one distant
from it, always destroying one, i. 272.
, the American, not protected by
his government, ii. 188.
Fecundity, in the inverse ratio of deve-
lopment, iii. 263. Graduated inversely
as the rank of the animal, iii. 302.

and mortality, their relations to
each other, iii. 304.

of slaves and drudges, iii. 299.

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Fecundity, immense, of the lower ani- | Forbes, Rev. Dr., on the condition of

mals, iii. 302.

Federative system of government, in the
human system, corresponds to the
political system of the United States,
iii. 408.

Female crime in England, growth of, iii.
382.

Ferrara, Prof., on the law of distribution,
iii. 149, 168.

Financial crises, seat and causes of, ii.
415, iii. 222.

First and heaviest tax on land and labor,
i. 271, ii. 30, 63.

step towards obtaining power over
nature, always the most costly and the
least productive, i. 184, 375, 383.
Fitzhugh, on the effects of free trade on
the Southern United States, i. 373.
Fixed capital. Changes in the proportion
borne by it to that which is movable,
iii. 51. Increase in the proportions of,
an evidence of advancing civilization,
iii. 59. Growth of, accompanied by
increase in the rapidity of the societary
circulation, iii. 93. Errors of British
economists in regard to, iii. 166.
Flemish monopolies, and their effects, i.
392.

Food, effects of increased regularity in

the supply of, ii. 21. Increased pro-
duction of, in France, ii. 54. Small
export of, from Russia, ii. 152; from
the United States, ii. 193. How a ne-
cessity for the export of, affects prices,
ii. 194. How the American laborer
would be affected by increase in the
prices of, ii. 194. Decline in American
prices of, ii. 232. Irregularity in the
supplies of, which attends the early pe-
riods of society, iii. 313. Regularity
grows with the growth of wealth and
numbers, iii. 314. Diminution in the
demand for, accompanies increase in
the supply of, iii. 316. Substitution of
vegetable, for that of animals, iii. 316.
Economy of, resulting from increase in
the power of combination, iii. 318.
Supply of, increases as the consumer
and the producer come nearer together,
iii. 320. Becomes more abundant in
all the countries that adopt the policy
of Colbert, iii. 321. How American
and English policy affects the supplies
of, iii. 321, 323. American production
of, iii. 322, 432. Adulteration of, con-
sequent upon the separation of con-
sumers and producers, iii. 324.
creases in abundance as the prices of
rude products and finished commodi-
ties more and more approximate, iii.
325.

In-

and population, law of the relative
increase of, i. 88, iii. 325.

Scottish laborers, ii. 96.

Force, a result of the consumption of
matter, i. 65.

Foreign commerce of Spain, ii. 123. Of
Germany, ii. 136. Of Sweden, ii. 169.
Formation of coral islands, i. 74.

of society, of the, i. 198.

of soils, i. 72, 75.
Fortescue, on the condition of the French
people, in the 15th century, iii. 139.
France. Great increase in the agricultu-
ral products of, i. 87. Course of settle-
ment in, i. 126. Abandonment of the
richer soils, during the civil wars of, i.
143. Efforts of, to destroy the power
of association among her neighbors, i.
252. Has abounded in machinery of
war and trade, while destroying com-
merce, i. 253. Vauban and Boisguil-
bert on the condition of, under Louis
XIV., i. 254. Poverty of the people
of that period, and consequent weak-
ness of the government, i. 255. Cost
to, of the wars of the revolution, i. 255.
Splendor of, always followed by ex-
haustion, i. 256. Farmers-General of,
i. 256. Colonial system of, i. 285.
Close alliance of war and trade exhib-
ited in, ii. 43. Waste of force in, ii. 43.
Commerce sacrificed to trade in, ii. 44.
Parasitic races abounding in, ii. 45.
Magnificence and poverty of, at the
date of the advent of Colbert, ii. 46.
His policy favored growth of the com-
merce of, ii. 46. Repeal of the Edict
of Nantes, and its effects, ii. 47. State
of commerce under Louis XV., ii. 48.
Turgot called to the administration of,
ii. 48. Eden treaty, and its effects on,
ii. 49. Revolution followed by dimi-
nution in the restraints upon internal
commerce, ii. 50. Agricultural pro-
gress of, ii. 51. Burthens of the agri-
culturists of, prior to the revolution, ii.
52. Increased production of food in,
ii. 54. De Fontenay and De Lavergne
on agriculture in, ii. 55, 68. Approxi-
mation of the prices of raw materials
and finished products in, ii. 56. Changes
in the distribution of labor's pro-
ducts in, ii. 57. Wages of labor in, ii.
57. Prices of wheat in, ii. 58. Blanqui
and Chevalier on the condition of the
people of, ii. 59. Extraordinary con-
trasts of, ii. 61. Errors of economists
of, ii. 71. Growing equality of the
lands of, ii. 64. Rapid growth of
manufactures in, ii. 64. Extraordinary
centralization of, ii. 66. Heavy taxa-
tion of, ii. 67. Undeveloped powers
of the soil of, ii. 68. Greeley, H., on,
ii. 68. Commercial policy of, in full
accordance with the ideas of Adam

Smith, ii. 70, 104. Increase in the
value of the land of, ii. 75. As a rule,
feeds herself, ii. 80. Exports of, ii. 80,
311. Manufactures subsidiary to agri-
culture in, ii. 81. Small export of raw
produce by, ii. 81. Finished character
of the exports of, ii. 85, 99. Increase
of laborer's proportion in, ii. 91. Grow-
ing independence of, ii. 98. How em-
ployments become diversified in, ii.
272. Tendency of the precious metals
towards, ii. 311. Rapid advance of,
prior to the Eden treaty, ii. 313. Diffi-
culty of, not to produce, but to sell, ii.
348. Of banking in, ii. 410. Falsifi-
cation of the coin in, ii. 410. Assignats
of, ii. 411. Creation of the Bank of,
ii. 412. Monetary centralization of, ii.
412. Local banks of, ii. 416. Of pro-
duction in, iii. 28. Rapid growth of
fixed capital in, iii. 56. Division of
the land of, iii. 83. Stoppages of the
circulation in, iii. 84. Mississippi
scheme, and its effects in, iii. 85. Re-
moval of obstacles to the circulation
of, iii. 87. Its effect, as exhibited in
the development of agriculture, iii. 88.
Fortescue on the condition of, in the
15th century, iii. 139. Passy, M., on
the agriculture of, iii. 140. Indirect
taxes of the early periods of, iii. 175.
Taxation of the pays d'états, and pays
d'élection, of, iii. 227. Of concentra-
tion as exhibited in, iii. 227. Pheno-
mena of population in, iii. 278. Aug-
mented supplies of food to the people
of, iii. 321. Condition of woman in,
iii. 372. Of education in, iii. 388.
Early corporations of, iii. 419. How
protection benefits the farmers of, iii.
431. Contributions of, to the commerce
of the world, iii. 448.

France and England, contests of, for the
leadership of the world, ii. 73.
Freedom, growth of, in Athens, i. 241.
Grows with the development of the
power of association, i. 283. Growth
of, in France, ii. 50; in Germany, ii.
145; in Russia, ii. 159. How concen-
tration affects the growth of, iii. 225.
How competition for the purchase of
labor promotes the growth of, iii. 235.

real, of trade. Who has it, the
French or the American farmer? iii. 434.
The establishment of, the object of pro-
tection, iii. 453.
Freemen. How they might profit by the
study of Social Science, iii. 470.
Free trade, as exhibited in Ireland, i. 324;
in India, i. 361; in the Southern States
of the American Union, i. 373; in Rus-
sia, ii. 148; in the United States, ii. 225.
How it affects the supply of the precious
metals to the United States, ii. 320.

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How it affects the currency, ii. 437.
How it affects the societary movement
of the United States, ii. 438.
Free-trade inconsistencies, iii. 442.
advocates. How they
How they might
profit by the study of Social Science,
iii. 470.
French colonies, causes of the failures of,
i. 117.
and British colonial systems com-
pared, i. 307.

Revolution. Cost of the wars of
the, i. 255. Initial measures of the, ii.
49.

and English agriculture compared,
ii. 76.

and British systems, essential dif-
ferences of the, ii. 72, 91, 102.
Friction. Production increases with dim-
inution of, iii. 24.

Functions of the body. Scale of their
subordination to the cerebral powers,
iii. 403.

, voluntary, involuntary,
and mixed, iii. 404.

G.

Garnier, Marquis. His approval of indi-
rect taxation, iii. 202.
Gee, on Trade.
Gee, on Trade. Extract from, i. 290.
Genoa. Her history one of unceasing
wars for trade, i. 249.
Germany. The home of European de-
centralization, i. 48. Federal system
of, i. 49. Growing feeling of respon-
sibility in, i. 59. Course of settlement
in, i. 130. Rise and
Rise and progress of man-
ufactures in, ii. 125. Causes which led
to the institution of the Zoll- Verein, ii.
127. Its gradual formation, ii. 129.
Consequent approximation in the prices
of rude products and finished commo-
dities, ii. 131. Mines and furnaces of,
ii. 133. Internal communications of,
ii. 134. Agricultural progress of, ii.
135, 140. Foreign commerce of, ii. 136.
Combination of the labors of the field
and the workshop in, ii. 138. Science
every where appreciated in, ii. 141.
Division of land in, ii. 141. No com-
plaints of pauperism in, ii. 143. Edu-
cation in, ii. 144, iii. 389. Respect for
rights of property in, ii. 145. Cheva-
lier Bunsen on, ii. 146. Peasant pro-
prietors and Revenue system of, iii.
194. Phenomena of population in, iii.
279. Contributions of, to the commerce
of the world, iii. 449.
Gibraltar, a great smuggling depot, i. 237.
Gisborne, T., on English agriculture, ex-
tract from, ii. 35.
Glorification of Trade, by Great Britain,
i. 457.

Glory, measure of, i. 209.
Goethe, on the methods of science, i. 31.
On difference, as the condition of de-
velopment, i. 53. On the efficacy of
mere words, iii. 445.

Gold, causes of its exclusion from circu-
lation in Holland, ii. 347.
Government amid spontaneities, iii. 408.

, corporate and municipal, iii. 408.
designed both for assistance and
defence of societies, iii. 405.

finds its office in providing for the
wants of its subjects, iii. 405. Regu-
lative intervention of the brain in both
the physical and social, iii. 403. Of
civil, iii. 405.
Governments become oppressive in the
ratio of their failure to exercise the
power of co-ordination, iii. 440.
Gradual substitution of the vegetable and
mineral kingdom for the animal one,
iii. 317. How the supply of the wants
of man is affected by it, iii. 318.
Graham, Sir James, regards man as a
mere instrument to be used by trade,
i. 474.

Gratuity of nature's services, i. 173.
Gravitation. Resistance thereto, in the
direct ratio of organization, i. 89.

molecular. Subjection of man

to the great law of, i. 42.
Great Britain. Prohibitions of the export
of artisans and machinery from, i. 287.
System of, based upon the idea of main-
taining and increasing the tax of
transportation, i. 288. Sacrifices com- |
merce at the shrine of trade, i. 289.
Condition of, as exhibited by Adam
Smith, i. 415. Unceasing wars of, i.
419. Policy of, directly opposed to the
teachings of Adam Smith, i. 421. Ef-
forts of, to destroy the competition of
other nations, i. 420. Large capitals
the great instruments of warfare of, i.
421. Changes in the societary propor-
tions of, i. 435. Emigration from, i.
440. Diminution of the rural popula-
tion of, i. 441. Diminished power of
employing small capitals in, i. 444.
Growing centralization of, i. 444. In-
creasing proportion of labor's products
absorbed by the traders of, i. 445.
Gulf dividing the higher and lower
classes of society, a constantly widen-
ing one, i. 446. Demoralization of the
people, and strife for life in, i. 447.
Decline of local centres, and growing
centralization of, i. 449. Failure of
the Reform Act in, i. 451. Montalem-
bert on the dangers to society in, i. 451.
Growing societary imperfection, and
international immorality, in, i. 452.
Declining power of self-direction in, i. |
453. Dalhousie, on the dangers of

Indian Government by, i. 453. Mo-
mentary expediency, the sole rule of
action of, i. 454. Selfish policy of, i.
455. Rev. Sidney Smith on the taxa-
tion of, i. 456. Thornton on the con-
dition of the people of, i. 456. Glori-
fication of trade by, i. 457. Parnell
on the cost of the colonies of, i. 457.
Slight development of the artistic fac-
ulty in, ii. 85. Account of, with the
world at large, ii. 86. Movement of,
as compared with that of France, ii.
86. How agricultural nations are taxed
for the maintenance of the fleets and
armies of, ii. 87. Consolidation of the
land of, ii. 95. Growing dependence
of, ii. 97. Rude character of the ex-
ports of, ii. 100. Trading policy of, ii.
105. Export of corn by, and its effects,
ii. 191. Power of, to command the
services of the great forces of nature,
ii. 207. Tendency of the precious
metals towards, ii. 310. Becomes more
and more a mere trader, ii. 311.
lations of money and other capital in,
ii. 340. Diminishing power of, ii. 352.
Small amount of capital employed in
banking, in, ii. 406. Woman's condi-
tion in, iii. 382.-(See England.)
Great cities grow with the growth of cen-
tralization, i. 257.

i. 365.

Re-

obstacle to human development,

men generally unprolific, iii.

306.
Greatest effects always the result of the
most minute causes, whether in the
physical or social world, ii. 354, iii.
309.

Greece. Tendency towards local asso-
ciation in, i. 45. Decline of individu-
ality in, i. 55. Course of settlement
in, i. 132. Colonial system of, i. 285.
Division of the land of, and its effects,
iii. 82. Development of concentration
in, iii. 216.

Grecian colonization, iii. 334.

history, early periods of, i. 240.
Greeley, H., on France, ii. 68. On the
manufactures of Russia, ii. 155.
Growing power of association, a cause of
rejoicing to all, except the trader, i.
212.

equality of the various soils of
France, ii. 64.

independence of France, ii. 104;
of Russia, ii. 166.
Guillard, M. His Statisque Humaine, iii.
281.

Guizot, M., on Roman civilization, i. 248;
on civil and municipal corporations,
iii. 417.

Guyot, M. His Earth and Man, extracts
from, i. 53, iii. 331, 333.

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