the monopolies of Holland, i. 391. Colonial and trading system of Spain, i.
policy of Greece, Carthage, Spain, and France, i. 285. Of England, i. 411.
British system tends towards retarding, | Colbert and Cromwell, their resistance to iii. 89. Increased rapidity of, an evi- dence of growing civilization, iii. 92. Equality promoted by rapidity of, iii. 93. Becomes more rapid in all the countries that follow in the lead of Colbert, iii. 94. Sluggishness of, in all the countries that follow in that of Britain, iii. 94. Phenomena of, pre- sented by the United States, iii. 95. How American slavery is affected by sluggishness of, iii. 98. How disper- sion affects, iii. 101. Adam Smith's views in regard to, iii. 103. How it affects the distribution of the products of labor, iii. 108.
Circulation of American banks, ii. 423.
of the Bank of England, ii. 388. France, ii. 414. Civil government, the analogue of the nervous co-ordination, iii. 403.
office of the, iii. 405.
, designed both for the assistance and defence of societies, iii. 405. Civil and municipal corporations of Greece and Rome, iii. 417. Guizot on, iii. 418. Of the middle ages, iii. 418. Of the United States, iii. 419. Civilization. Requires association for its development, i. 227. Of Rome, i. 248. Early centres of, i. 382. Its essential characteristic, i. 428. Evidences of its decline in the United States, ii. 204. How it affects prices, ii. 302. Increases as consumption follows more rapidly on production, iii. 43. How affected by changes in the proportions of fixed and movable capital, iii. 59. How affected by division of the land, and increase in the rapidity of circulation, iii. 92.
Civilized communities export their com- modities in a finished state, iii. 433. Clay, C. C., on the effects of the cotton cul- ture in Alabama, ii. 198.
Clèment, M. His error as regards the
effect of the cheapening of food, iii. 424. Cobden, Mr., on the condition of the rural population of England, i. 441.
Russia, ii. 167. On the wars of India, i. 377.
Coinage. How it affects the value of the precious metals, ii. 296.
Colbert, advent of, to power, ii. 46. Policy of, promotive of commerce, ii. 46. Say, Blanqui, and Thierry, on, ii. 47. Policy of, adopted in Central and Northern Europe, ii. 111. How that policy af- fects the growth of capital, iii. 66. How it affects the circulation, iii. 94. His full appreciation of the duties of a statesman, iii. 424. Held wealth to be a means, and not an end, iii. 424.
systems of France and England, differences of the, i. 307. Colonization upon rich soils, failure of attempts at, i. 117.
commences upon the poorer soils, iii. 328. Its gradual extension over the richer ones, iii. 330. Richer lands of the world as yet unoccupied, iii. 331. How may they be subdued? iii. 332. Exhaustion of the soil produces a ne- cessity for, iii. 333. Of that of Greece, iii. 334. Destructive effects of the modern system of, iii. 335. Extent and effects of that of the United States, iii. 337. Necessity for, diminishes as the prices of rude products and finished commodities approximate each other, iii. 346.
Combination required for development of the individual faculties, i. 54. sential to the growth of wealth, i. 187. Grecian tendencies towards, i. 240. How it increases human power, ii. 207. Diminishing power of, in the United States, ii. 233. Effects of, as exhibited in Athens, iii. 26. In Italy, iii. 27. In France, iii. 28. In England, iii. 36. Commerce. Can have slight existence in the absence of differences among men, i. 198. Obstacles to, in the early periods of society, i. 203. Gradual de- velopment of, i. 203. Definition of, i. 210. Sought by all men, i. 210. gards trade as an instrument to be used by man, i. 210. Tendency of, towards decentralization and freedom, i. 203. Tends to produce continuity of the so- cietary motion, i. 214. Its place, in the order of development, i. 222. Every act of association an act of, i. 222. Natural history of, i. 224. Roots and branches of the tree of, i. 224. Decay of, in Spain, consequent upon the expulsion of the Moors, i. 251. Gradual growth of, i. 265. Grows with decline in the necessity for effecting changes of place, i. 269. Sacrificed at the shrine of trade, i. 289. That it may grow, em- ployments must become diversified, i. 427. Grows with the growth of wealth and power, ii. 32. How affected by supplies of the precious metals, ii. 323. Becomes more free as capital becomes fixed, and taxation becomes more di- rect, iii. 201. Grows with concentra- tion, and declines with centralization, iii. 212.
Commerce and Society, words that are only different modes of expressing the same idea, i. 198.
and Trade, usually regarded as convertible terms, yet wholly different, i. 210. Opposite tendencies of, ii. 210– 221, 235-256.
as found in the relations of the sexes, iii. 368.
of the family. Its character, in the various stages of society, iii. 386. of the State, the, iii. 401. Object of societary organization, the deve- lopment of, iii. 409. Measures re- quired for promoting, iii. 415. Grows with the growth of the power of asso- ciation and co-operation, iii. 421. In- creases, as land becomes divided, iii. 423. How Colbert's policy tended to promote, iii. 424. Hume and Smith on the exercise of the power of co-or- dination, in reference to, iii. 425. Say, Rossi, Mill, Chevalier, and others, on the necessity for measures of protec- tion, as promotive of, iii. 426. Grows with diminution of the tax of trans- portation, iii. 423. Substitution of mere phrases for ideas, by writers who hold to the doctrine of laisser faire, in refe- rence to, iii. 435. Necessity for the application of intelligence to the direc- tion of, iii. 444. Commerce of the world grows with the development of, iii. 445.
of the United States, how affected by the wars of the French Revolution, ii. 183.
of the world. Grows with develop- ment of the individualities of nations, iii. 446. Contributions to, of those communities which follow in the lead of Colbert, iii. 448. Of those which follow in the train of England, iii. 449. Grows with diminution of the tax of transportation, iii. 452.
Commodities, or things, not wealth to those who have not the knowledge how to use them, i. 181.
tend towards those places at which they are most utilized, ii. 344, 370. Communism, in Russia, ii. 163. In France, iii 76. M. Bastiat on, iii. 441. Gigan- tic, of the British system, iii. 442. Communistic tendency of the doctrine of laisser faire, iii. 441.
Communities that limit themselves to the export of raw produce, must end in the export of men, ii. 25.
prosper in the ratio of the utiliza- tion of their rude products, ii. 309. Comparative circulation of the banks of America, France, and England, ii. 423. physiology of procreation, iii.
Comparison, inseparably connected with the idea of value, i. 151. Competition, a war of hostile forces, iii. 421. M. Bastiat on, iii. 423.
for nature's services, promotes increase in the value of land and labor, iii. 254. Grows in the protected coun- tries of Europe, iii. 255.
for the purchase of labor. Scarcely exists in the early stages of society, iii. 233. Grows with the increase of wealth and population, and with growing di- versity in the demand for human powers, iii. 234. Trader desires to pre- vent its growth, iii. 235. The more rapid its increase, the greater the ten- dency towards freedom, iii. 235. creases, as the prices of rude products and those of finished commodities ap- proach each other, iii. 237. Grows in the despotic countries of Europe, iii. 241. British and American policy tends to prevent its growth, iii. 252.
for the purchase of rude products of the earth, iii. 250. Increases in the protected countries of Europe, iii. 251. Freedom grows with, iii. 251.
for the sale of labor, ii. 163. Tends towards slavery, iii. 235. In- creases, as the range of employments becomes more limited, iii. 235. Grows in England, iii. 244; in the United States, iii. 246.
for the sale of female labor in England, and its effects, iii. 380. In the United States, iii. 385. Composition of forces, law of the, i. 230. Comte, M. His review of the develop- ment of science, i. 15. His erroneous method, in treating Social Science, i. 24. His error in regarding mathematics as both an instrument and a science, i. 25. Does not explain the past, and cannot, therefore, predict the future, i. 28. On the general relation of science and art, iii. 409. Condition, the, of human progress, i. 280. of the English laboring popula- tion, ii. 83, 93, 95, 98, iii. 394. Conditions upon which, alone, the pros- perity of nations can be secured, i. 422. Concentration, tendencies of, iii. 209. Promotes the growth of commerce and the love of peace, iii. 212. Admired by Adam Smith, iii. 213. Grows with increase in the rapidity of the societary circulation, iii. 214. How it tends to augment the difficulty of making war, iii. 215. Its development in Greece, iii. 216. Increases, as land and labor acquire value, iii. 218. Pressure of taxation declines with the growth of, iii. 219. Tends toward the ultimate freedom of international commerce,
iii. 226. How it exhibits itself in the Prussian States, iii. 226. In France, iii. 227. Augments the powers of all, by producing increase of circulation, iii. 228. Strength of the State, grows with the development of the power of, iii. 232. Consolidation of the land, in Italy, i. 247. In Great Britain, ii. 95. In Spain, ii. 119. In the United States, ii. 216.
of English land, and its effects, ii. 79, 80, 93, 98, 103, iii. 287. Constant alliance of war and trade, i. 217, 364, 377, ii. 43, 238. Consumers and producers come together, as employments become diversified, i. 83. Trader desires to prevent their approximation, i. 209. Wealth, free- dom, power, and happiness, grow with their near approach to each other, i. 212.
Consumption, the measure of production, iii. 18. Where does it end, and where does production begin? iii. 18. Every act of, an act of production, iii. 19. Only a transformation, nothing being by it destroyed, iii. 367.
of iron in the United States, ii. 276. Of cotton, ii. 284. Contemporaneous maturity of the repro- ductive function and the intellectual and moral powers, iii. 300. Continental system. How it affected the growth of manufactures, ii. 107. Its effects, as exhibited in Russia, ii. 148. Continuity of the societary motion, a test of civilization, i. 201, 213, iii. 38. How it affects the growth of wealth, ii. 18. Conversion, of, i. 381. Requires a know- ledge of the properties of things, whereas transportation looks only to their magnitude or weight, i. 381. Rapid progress in the arts of, i. 383. Econo- my of nature's gifts resulting from bringing the place of, near to that of production, i. 385. Commerce grows with increased facilities of, i. 388. The trader desires to increase the distance between the producer and the convert-
i. 389. Freedom grows, as that dis- tance is decreased, i. 390. Co-operation, harmony the result of, iii. 421. Remarkable case of, iii. 422. Increases as land becomes divided, iii. 423. Co-ordinating office of the nervous sys- tem, iii. 402.
power of the State, the, iii. 401. Required for facilitating combination, iii. 409. Its action in the social body, similar to that of the brain in the phy- sical one, iii. 414. Limitation of its sphere of duty, iii. 415. Duties of, as exhibited by Colbert, iii. 424; by Hume
and Smith, iii. 425; by Say, iii. 426; by Blanqui, Rossi, De Jonnès, and Mill, iii. 428; by Chevalier, iii. 429. Necessity for, grows with the growth of wealth and numbers, iii. 444. Dis- appearance of, in the countries that follow in the lead of England, iii. 445. Co-ordination required in the ratio of development, iii. 406.
Coquelin, M., on money, capital, and banks, ii. 342.
Coral islands, formation of, i. 74. Corn, prices of, in England, at various periods, iii. 315.
remarkable reduction of the, in the United States, ii. 271. Con- trast thereto, presented by Russia and Germany, ii. 151, 190.
banks of Norway, ii. 397. Corporate and municipal governments, of, iii. 408.
Corporations, civil and municipal, of Greece and Rome, iii. 417. Of the middle ages, iii. 418. Of the United States, iii. 419. Principle upon which they are based, iii. 420.
Corrective, the, of excessive procreation, iii. 302.
Corruption, legislative, in the United States, ii. 240.
Cost of reproduction, the limit of value, i. 149.
Cotton, remarkable reduction in the price of, ii. 196. Production and consump- tion of, ii. 283.
culture. How it exhausts the soil, ii. 88.
growing States. Small produc- tion of the, ii. 199.
comparative consumption of, in protected and unprotected countries, iii. 241.
Corsica, course of settlement in, i. 132. Country life. Its pleasures, as exhibited by Adam Smith, i. 195.
Course of settlement in the United States, i. 108. In Mexico, i. 118. In the West Indies, i. 120. In South America, i. 121. In England, i. 122. In Scot- land, i. 124. In France, i. 126. In Belgium and Holland, i. 128. In Scan- dinavia, i. 129. In Russia and Ger- many, i. 130. In Hungary and Italy, i. 131. In Corsica, Sicily, and Greece, i. 132. In Africa and the Islands of the Pacific, i. 133. In India, i. 134. Craniology, bearing of, upon the problem of population, iii. 301. Credit. How it affects the productive power, ii. 348. Freedom grows with the growth of, ii. 349. American policy adverse to the existence of, ii. 437. Crime in India, i. 355. In England, iii. 399. In the United States, iii, 398.
Definitions. Of Social Science, i. 63. Of value, i. 158. Of utility, i. 179. wealth, i. 186. Of trade, i. 210. Of commerce, i. 210. Of production, iii. 20. Of capital, iii. 50. Summary of, iii. 74. Of protection, iii. 453.
Crime, juvenile. In England, iii. 394. | Definition of political economy, by M. In the United States, iii. 398. Cromwell and Colbert, resistance of, to the monopolies of Holland, i. 391. Cultivation commences with the less fer- tile soils, i. 97. How improvement in, affects the progress of rent, iii. 141. Curiales, Roman, duties of the, iii. 418. Currency, what constitutes the? ii. 365. How it is affected by bank expansions and contractions, ii. 369. Furnishes the most potent instrument of taxation, ii. 411. How used by the French and other governments, ii. 411. Small pro- portion borne by the American, to the amount of exchanges, ii. 423. A sound system of, one of the first of societary needs, ii. 426. How affected by the balance of trade, ii. 435. Custom grows into law, in favor of the laborer, in all the protected countries of Europe, iii. 258. Reverse of this, in the free trade countries, iii. 259. Customs revenue of the United States, ii. 222.
Cuvier, M. Held that vegetables were the natural food of man, iii. 316.
Dalhousie, Lord, on the dangers of the Anglo-Indian Government, i. 453. Dangerous classes of society, of the, ii. 249.
Dangers of Great Britain, as described by Adam Smith, i. 415.
De Beaumont, M., on the social position of American women, iii. 384. Decentralization. Tends towards free- dom, i. 48. How it affects the quantity of the precious metals required for the performance of exchanges, ii. 359.- (See Concentration.)
Decline of power accompanied by grow- ing magnificence of titles, i. 141.
of value, a consequence of dimin- ished cost of reproduction, i. 152.
of Athens, i. 244. Of Venice, Ge- noa, Pisa, and Holland, i. 249. Of Spain, i. 252. Of Spanish cities, ii. 118. of all communities that follow in the train of England, i. 373. Declining power of self-direction, as ex- hibited by Great Britain, i. 452.
individuality of the government and people of the United States, ii.
Decomposition of society, in all the coun- tries that adopt the doctrines of the English school, i. 375.
Definite proportions, law of, as applied to Social Science, i. 199. As exhibited in changes of the societary system, i. 473, ii. 20, 22, 39.
absence of, in politico-econo- mical science, i. 37. Effect thereof, i. 262. De Fontenay, M. On French agriculture, ii. 55. On prices in France, ii. 91, 329. On capital and its effects, iii. 62. De Jonnès, M. His Statistique de la France, ii. 51. On the effects of pro- tection, in France, iii. 428.
De Lavergne, M., on the agriculture of France, ii. 55, 68.
Demand, the cause of supply, iii. 21, 325. Denmark. Few natural advantages of, ii. 111. Protective policy of, ii. 112. Economy of labor in, ii. 112. Division of land, and growth of freedom in, ii. 113. Agricultural progress of, ii. 114. Education in, ii. 115, iii. 389. Deve- lopment of individuality in, ii. 115. Steadiness in the demand for labor in, ii. 116. Furnishes no evidence of the over-population theory, ii. 117. Reve- nue system of, iii. 194. Laing on the division of land in, iii. 279. Dependence of trade upon war, i. 377.
of the English farmer of the 18th century upon foreign markets, and its effects, i. 406. Depopulation drives men back to the poor soils, i. 139, 388. Effects of, i. 145. and poverty of Turkey, i. 315. Of Ireland, i. 329.
De Quincey, on the Ricardo theory, iii. 137.
Despotism. Of Athens, as compared with that of Venice and Genoa, i. 409. In- creases in its severity, as the masters become more numerous, i. 409. Destruction of human life in the British West India Islands, i. 297, 304. Destructive tendencies of the British trading system, ii. 41.
effect of distance from market, as exhibited in Russia, ii. 174.
effects of exclusive agriculture, as exhibited in the United States, ii. 212. In Brazil, ii. 229.
De Tocqueville, on the freedom of the United States, ii. 178. His France before the Revolution, ii. 313. His view of the French taxation of the last century, iii. 227.
Development begins in the stomach of plants, i. 67. Continued in that of ani- mals, i. 71.
of human powers, effect of, iii. 19.
Development, early, of logic and mathe- matics, i. 12. Science later in, i. 13. Social Science latest in, i. 19.
of war and trade, i. 216. Trans- portation and manufactures later in, i. 218, 219. Agriculture follows manu- factures in the order of, i. 221. Com- merce latest in its full, i. 222. Difference indispensable to the existence
of association, whether in the physical or moral world, i. 53.
Differences. Power of combination in- creases with the growth of, i. 53. The greater their number, the larger is the productive power, iii. 43. Essential to the perfection of the societary organi- zation, iii. 458. Anarchy and insubor- dination consequences of the absence of, iii. 460.
Difficulty of combination among the cul- tivators of the soil, ii. 27. Direct taxation. Tends to supersede that which is indirect, in the ratio of the approximation of the prices of rude and finished products, iii. 192. Pro- gress of, in Central and Northern Europe, iii. 193. Tendency thereto, grows with increase in the rapidity of the societary circulation, iii. 195. Can- not be resorted to, in purely agricultu- ral countries, iii. 199. Power of, an evidence of advance in civilization, iii. 201. Disappearance of Irish manufactures, under the Act of Union, i. 322.
of the middle classes of Spain, ii.
of the small proprietors of Eng- land, ii. 79, iii. 287.
of the local institutions of India,
i. 343. Disease, the constant companion of early settlements, i. 99.
-, a broken balance of organic ac- tions, iii. 298.
Dismal Science, the, i. 31. Dispersion of men, a necessary conse- quence of the operation of the British system, i. 289. Effects of the, ii. 26. How it affects the productive power, iii. 39. How the circulation is affected by it, iii. 101. Remarkable tendency Remarkable tendency to, in the United States, ii. 180, 209, iii. 337.
Dissolution of society, in Ireland and India, i. 439.
Distinction between animal and vegeta- ble life, i. 69.
Distribution. Of the law of, i. 169. How exhibited in France, ii. 57. Changes of, consequent upon the growth of wealth and population, iii. 110. Ten- dency to equality, a consequence of the law of, iii. 113. Harmony and universality of the law of, iii. 114.
Changes of, in passing from purely agricultural communities, towards those in which manufactures, agriculture, and commerce, are combined, iii. 116. Phenomena of, as exhibited in the United States, iii. 118. Harmony of the law of, as exhibited by Mr. E. Pe- shine Smith, iii. 121. How it differs from the theory of the British econo- mists, iii. 122. Hume and Smith on the law of, iii. 125, 127. Law of, as exhibited in the changes of power to demand rent for the use of land, iii. 131. Messrs. Bastiat and Ferrara on the law of, iii. 167, 168. Distribution, between the people and the State, iii. 171.- (See Taxation, direct and indirect.) Diversification of employments. Indis- pensable to the development of indi- viduality, i. 53. Effects of, as exhib- ited by Adam Smith, i. 293. Required for the development of commerce, i. 427. Necessary to the growth of a real agriculture, ii. 27. How it is pro- duced, ii. 273. Has no existence in the countries subjected to the British system, i. 367.
Diversity in the structure of nerves, cor- responds to variety of functions, iii. 403.
Division of the land and its effects, in Denmark, ii. 114. In Spain, ii. 120. In Germany, ii. 141. In Russia, ii. 164. In Sweden, ii. 170. In France, ii. 50, iii. 278. How it affects the so- cietary circulation, iii. 75. How it af- fects the growth of population, iii. 277. Divisions of the organic and relative
functions of the life of man, iii. 402. Doubleday, T., on population, iii. 308. Droz, M. His definition of wealth, i. 193. Drunkenness in England, i. 425. Dunoyer, M., on the various definitions of wealth, i. 193.
Dupin, M., on the cost of the wars of the French Revolution, i. 255. Duration of life. Facts in regard to the, iii. 270, 281.
of English life, iii. 290. of American life, iii. 295. Dutch monopolies, of the, i. 391.
Earliest abstract conception of nature's laws, i. 9.
Early ages of society, rude character of the implements of, i. 95.
settler, movements of the, i. 96. Commences always with the poorer soils, i. 97.
settlements, insecurity of person and property in, i. 139.
civilization of Norway, i. 50.
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