velopment of individuality, i. 53. With
increase of numbers, i. 98. Its growth
in Athens, i. 240. In Spain, i. 251.
Absence of, in Sparta, i. 245. Efforts

of France to destroy the, i. 252. In-
creases as the differences among men
become more numerous, i. 257. Grows
in the ratio of the observance of the
great law of Christianity, i. 259. Ex-
ercise of, prohibited by the British
Colonial system, i. 286. Grows with
division of the land, and increase in
the proportion of fixed capital, iii. 92.
How increase therein, tends to affect
the growth of population, iii. 274. Pro-
tection, an effort for establishing per-
fect freedom in the exercise of, through-
out the world, iii. 453.

Astronomy. Its dependence on chem-
istry, i. 16. Closely related to biology,
i. 17.
Athens, growth of the power of associa-
tion in, i. 240. Peaceful progress of,
i. 241. Rights and duties in, i. 241.
Subsequent tyranny of, i. 242. Splen-
dor and weakness of, i. 243. Decline
and fall of, i. 244. Of production in,
iii. 26. Increase in the proportion of
movable to fixed capital, in, iii. 55.
Taxation of, iii. 178. Centralization in,
iii. 228. Of woman in, iii. 370. Of
the societary organization in, iii. 459.
Atmospheric air, the fountain from which
all things spring, and the receptacle to
which all return, i. 70.

Atoms, obedient to the laws which govern
the masses from which they have been
derived, i. 14.

Attraction and counter-attraction essen-
tial to the existence of harmony, i. 57.
Attractive force of cities, i. 42.
Australia, course of settlement in, i. 133.
Peopled by convicts, iii. 345.

condition of, iii. 345.

Moral

Bank monopolies, injurious effects of,
ii. 371.

notes. How they affect the sup-
ply of the precious metals, ii. 331. Ab-
surdity of the English and American
crusade against, ii. 334. How they in-
crease the utility of money, ii. 370.
Origin of, ii. 375.

Banker, ancient and modern, always in
alliance with the soldier, i. 217.
Banking circulation regulated by the
people, ii. 421.

, English, instability of, ii. 372.
How it affects the value of money, ii.
373.

Bank of England, the, ii. 366. Origin of,
ii. 373. Capital and circulating notes
of, ii. 375. Movement of, from 1796
to 1815, ii. 376. Circulation of, ii. 377.
Resumption of payment by, and its
effects, ii. 377. Subsequent expansions
and contractions of, ii. 380. Saved
from bankruptcy by the Bank of
France, ii. 382. Parliamentary com-
mission for inquiry into its manage-
ment, ii. 382. Sir Robert Peel's Act
for the regulation of, ii. 384. Injurious
effect of the monopoly of, ii. 385. Cir-
culation of, from 1832 to 1840, ii. 388;
from 1841 to 1847, ii. 389; from 1852
to 1856, ii. 391. Destruction caused by,
in 1841, ii. 388. Failure of the Act of
1844 to regulate the action of, ii. 386.
Of all monetary institutions, the one in
whose constitution we find least of the
elements of stability, ii. 409.

of France, the, creation of, ii. 412.
Monopoly of, ii. 413. Movement of,
from 1819 to 1846, ii. 414. Tendency
towards steadiness in the circulation
of, ii. 414. Instability of deposits in,
ii. 415. Power of, for controlling the
societary movement, ii. 416. Heavy
taxation for the maintenance of, ii. 418.

in, iii. 84.

B.

Bacon. His tree of science, i. 21.
Balance of trade, payable in the precious
metals, ii. 316. Necessary to all coun-
tries which do not themselves produce
such metals, ii. 319, 476. How it affects
the currency, ii. 435. How treated
by Adam Smith, ii. 458–463.

of force among the vital organs,
iii. 297.
Bank circulation, a nearly constant quan-
tity, ii. 387, 390.

contractions, effects of, ii. 368.
deposits, causes which influence,
and influence exerted by, ii. 387,

expansions, effects of, ii. 367.

rous failures, ii. 431.

of Holland and Germany, ii. 363.
of discount, origin and effects of,

ii. 364.

American. Gradual development
of the system of, ii. 419. Proportion
of loans to capital in, ii. 420. Ten-
dency towards steadiness in the move-
ment of, ii. 422. Number and capital
of, ii. 427. Failures of, ii. 429. Trivial
losses of the people by, ii. 429. Minute
division of the ownership of, ii. 432,
Advantage resulting from the existence
of, ii. 433, 443. Localization of capi-
tal by means of, ii. 434. How they are
affected by the free trade and protect-
ive systems, ii. 437. Movements of,
subsequent to the crisis of 1837, ii. 439.
Cause of the failures of, ii. 445.

the absence of the power of association,
i. 52. British system tends to the pro-
duction of, i. 438. Tendency of Ameri-
can policy in the direction of, ii. 199.
Basque Provinces, production and con-
sumption of the, iii. 41.

Bastiat, M. His ideas of socialistic errors,
i. 260. Erroneous views of, in regard
to money, ii. 471. On the law of dis-
tribution, iii. 167. On competition, iii.
423. On communism, iii. 441.
Baudrillart, M. On the Ricardo theory
of rent, iii. 163.

Beaujour, M. His account of Turkish
manufactures, i. 312.

Belgium. Course of settlement in, i. 128.
Development of individuality in, i. 55.
Early development of agriculture in, ii.
27. Of education in, iii. 389. Foreign
commerce of, iii. 449.

Better that the power of steam had no
existence, than that it should be mono-
polized, i. 392.

Biology, close relation of, to chemistry, i.

16. How related to astronomy, i. 17.
Births in England, iii. 291.

Blackwood's Magazine, on the agriculture

of France, ii. 78. On the consolidation
of British land, ii. 80, 95.
Blanqui, M., on the condition of the

French people, ii. 59. On over-pro-
duction, iii. 44. Would regulate pro-
duction, iii. 158. On the revenue sys-
tem of Imperial Rome, iii. 180. On

the necessity for measures of protection,
iii. 427.

Boisguilbert on the state of France, under
Louis XIV., i. 254.

Brace, Rev. Mr. His Walke among the
People of England, iii. 242. On the
juvenile crime of America, iii. 398.
Brain of the hunter tribes, activity of, iii.
300.

, anatomy and chemistry of the,
not sufficient definitely to resolve the
problems of Social Science, iii. 303, 403.

and nerves. Special and general
functions of the, iii. 297.

of the various races compared,
iii. 301.

, phosphorus of the, iii. 302.
subordination of the organs of

the body to the, iii. 403.
Brain's control of the viscera graduated
to the requirements of animal life, iii.
403.

Brazil. Exhaustion of the soil of, ii. 229.
British and American banks, comparison
of the movements of, ii. 427.

American colonies, prohibitions

of association in, i. 286.

and French colonial systems, dif-

ferences of the, i. 307.

colonial policy, ii. 73; destructive
character of, iii. 335.

colonies. Their history one of a
series of losses, iii. 223.

corn, effect of the export of, ii. 191.
corn-laws. Reasons given for
their repeal, i. 440. Failure of the re-
peal to produce the effects predicted, i.
440.

India, unceasing wars of, i. 364.
peers, rapid extinction of, iii. 306.
policy, selfishness of the, i. 455.

-, retrograde theories required
for enabling British teachers to account
for the effects of, i. 468.

opposed to association and
combination, ii. 394.

opposed to the true interests
of the British people, i. 423, iii. 242.

school of economical science.
Had its origin in the teachings of
Messrs. Malthus and Ricardo, i. 28.
How it regards man, i. 29. Identity
of its teachings with those of Carolina
slave-owners, i. 410. Unchristian and
retrograde character of its doctrines, i.
470. How the latter differ from those
of Adam Smith, i. 470. Errors of the,
ii. 37, 39, iii. 66. Causes of error in
the, iii. 31.

society, real difficulty of, i. 437.
Growing imperfection of, i. 452.

sword required for carving the
way for British commerce, i. 377.

system, the, looks to monopolizing
the machinery of conversion for the
world, i. 291. Finds its product and ex-
ponent in the Malthusian theory, i. 466,
iii. 306. As exhibited in Jamaica, i. 297;
in Ireland, i. 326; in India, i. 360. De-
cline in the value of land, in the coun-
tries subject to, i. 378. Based exclu-
sively upon the idea of trade, i. 372.
Looks to taxing the producers and con-
sumers of the world, by increasing the
tax of transportation, i. 429. Increases
the proportion of the products of labor
absorbed by non-producers, i. 437.
Tends towards slavery and barbarism,
i. 438. Stoppage of the circulation, a
necessary consequence of, i. 439. De-
structive character of, has produced re-
sistance, ii. 42. One of gigantic com-
munism, iii. 441.

taxes paid by the countries that
supply the raw materials of manufac-
tures, iii. 188. Consequent poverty of
those countries, iii. 189.

war upon the commerce of other
nations, i. 421, ii. 110.

West Indies, destruction of life in
the, i. 306.

writers on money, ii. 446.

Brougham, Lord. His declaration of the
necessity for destroying the infant man-
ufactures of other countries, ii. 128.
Bunsen, Chevalier, on Germany, ii. 146.
Buy in the cheapest market, and sell in
the dearest one, the governing principle
of the soldier and the trader, i. 209.
The motto of England, i. 372.
Byles, J. B., on the effects of free-trade
in Ireland, i. 323.

C.

Caird on English agriculture, ii. 75, iii. 93.
California, effects of dispersion, as ex-
hibited in, ii. 240.

Campbell, Lord, on crime in England, iii.
399.

Capital. Declines in its power over labor,
as men are more enabled to associate,
i. 157. High charge for its use, in
purely agricultural countries, i. 158.
Charge for the use of, declines as men
obtain power over nature, i. 169. Charge
for, embraces no compensation for na-
ture's services, i. 174. No deficiency
of, in Ireland, i. 324. How it econo-
mises labor, ii. 17. Is consumed, but
not destroyed, ii. 17. How its growth
affects the proportion of labor wasted
and economised, ii. 19. Grows, with
economy of human power, ii. 102.
Waste of, in the United States, ii. 235.
Always abundant and cheap when the
circulation is rapid scarce and dear
when it is sluggish, ii. 282. Various
modes of compensation for the use of,
ii. 342. Of what it consists, iii. 48.
First step in the accumulation of, al-
ways the most difficult, iii. 49. Power
of accumulating, in the ratio of the
circulation, iii. 49. Definition of, iii.
50. Changes in the proportions of
movable and fixed, iii. 51. Tends to
become fixed, as the circulation be-
comes more rapid, iii. 52. Equalizing
effects of, iii. 52. How centralization
affects its division into fixed and mova-
ble, iii. 54. Division of, in various
countries, iii. 55. Power of accumu-
lating, not a result of saving, iii. 60.
Always a result of economy of labor,
iii. 61. M. de Fontenay on the accu-
mulation of, iii. 63. Every waste of
labor a waste of, iii. 65. How the
policy of Colbert tended to promote
the growth of, iii. 66. Error of the
teachings of the British school in re-
gard to the accumulation of, iii. 66.
How protection affects the growth of,
iii. 67. Errors of Adam Smith in re-
gard to, iii. 68. Mr. J. S. Mill on the
accumulation of, iii. 71. Accumulates

most rapidly where, and when, the rate
of charge for its use is lowest, iii. 119.
Grows, with the growth of competition
for the purchase of labor, iii. 234.
Capital and money, relations of, in Great
Britain and the United States, ii. 340.
Capitalist, the. How he might profit by
the study of Social Science, iii. 469.
Capitalist's quantity increases, as his pro-
portion diminishes, i. 176, iii. 112, 133.

proportion declines, with diminu-
tion in the cost of reproduction, and
decline of value, i. 172; with the growth
of the power of combination, iii. 119,
133; with increase in the rapidity of
circulation, iii. 155.

Carbonic acid, perpetual circulation of,
i. 73.

Carlyle, T., on Irish competition for the
sale of labor in England, iii. 260, 342.
Carolinas, effects of the cotton culture of
the, ii. 88.

Carthage. Wars, monopolies, and fall of,
i. 246. Colonial system of, i. 285.
Causes of the decline of nations, i. 259.
of the decay of Ireland, i. 337; of
India, Turkey, and Portugal, i. 366.
of the failures of American banks,
ii. 445.

of the misery of Ireland, accord-
ing to British teachers, i. 336.
Central America, course of settlement in,
i. 120.
Centralization.

Growth of, in Italy,
Greece, and India, i. 46; in Spain, i. 48;
in France, i. 49, ii. 66; in Britain, i. 51.
Impoverishing effects of, i. 237. A
necessary consequence of the British
policy, i. 290. As exhibited in Ja-
maica, i. 297. Effects of, in India, i. 344.
Growth of, in the United States, i. 372,
ii. 215, iii. 224. Increases the quantity
of money required for the performance
of exchanges, ii. 358. Growth of bank-
ing, in the United States, ii. 439. War-
like tendencies of, iii. 214. Grows with
decline in the rapidity of circulation,
iii. 214. Diminishes the reward of
labor, and increases the facility of ob-
taining soldiers, iii. 215. As exhibited
in France, iii. 217. Increases, as land
and labor decline in value, iii. 219.
Taxation grows with the growth of, iii.
219. Grows in all the countries that
follow in the lead of England, iii. 223.
Causes sluggishness of the circula-
tion, iii. 228. How it exhibited itself
in Greece and Italy, iii. 228. Absen-
teeism grows with, iii. 229. McCulloch
and Mirabeau on, iii. 231. Weakness
of the State, a consequence of, iii. 232.
Produces competition for the sale of
labor, iii. 237. How it affects the wages
of England, iii. 288. Produces compe-

and slavery, growth of, in Turkey,
i. 320.

-, slavery, and death, travel toge-
ther, in both the moral and material
world, i. 91, 239.

Cerebral power of woman abated by the
reproductive system, iii. 303.
Changes in the place of matter, closely
connected with the movements of the
trader, i. 218. Small amount of know-
ledge required for effecting, i. 218.
Necessity therefor declines, as men
are more enabled to come together, i.
219. Demand upon the labor of the
solitary settler for effecting, i. 263.
Acceleration of the societary motion.
consequent upon a diminution in that
demand, i. 267. Utility of commodi-
ties grows with that diminution, i. 269.
The great obstacle to human improve-
ments found in the necessity for effect-
ing, i. 365.—(See Transportation.)

mechanical and chemical, in the
form of matter. More concrete and
special than changes of place, and re-
quire a higher degree of knowledge, i.
219, 381. Changes in the societary pro-
portions consequent upon increase of
the power for effecting, i. 384, 473, ii.
22. How human effort is economised
by, i. 385. How they affect the econ-
omy of nature's gifts, i. 387. How they
affect the societary motion, i. 389. Ef-
forts at monopolizing the power to effect
such changes, and their effects, i. 392.
(See Conversion, and Manufactures.)

vital, in the form of matter. The
earth alone capable of effecting, i. 220.
Power applied to producing, grows, as
that required for transportation and
conversion declines, i. 220. Economy

of human force resulting from the
growth of power to effect, ii. 17. In-
crease in the proportion of human effort
that may be given to effecting, ii. 23.
The larger that proportion, the greater
the development of the latent powers
of land and man, ii. 29.—(See Agri-
culture.)

in the societary proportions, i. 263,
384, 473, ii. 22, 29.

i. 435.

of Great Britain,

Changes in the United States, frequency
and rapidity of, ii. 257.

Charge for the use of money, of the, ii.
335.-(See Interest.)

Chastity of hunter tribes, iii. 299.
Chatham, Lord, would not permit colo-
nists to make a hob-nail for themselves,
i. 287.

Cheap labor, the condition of the British
system, i. 239. How that of Ireland
has affected the people of England, i.
422, iii. 260, 342.

female labor of Great Britain
tends to deteriorate the condition of
woman every where, iii. 382.
Cheapening of raw produce tends toward
slavery for man, ii. 80.
Cheapness of raw produce in England,
in the 14th century, i. 394.
Chemical and mechanical changes in the
form of matter, of, i. 381.
Chemistry follows physics, in the order
of development, i. 14. Its dependence
on astronomy, i. 14. Lays the founda-
tion of Social Science, i. 19. Treats of
matter that is incapable of progress,
i. 23.

and physiology, how related to
each other, i. 15.

of the population question, iii. 302.
Chevalier, M. His definition of political
economy, i. 260. On the condition of
the French people, ii. 59. On capital
and money, ii. 358, 478. His descrip-
tion of the condition of American
women, iii. 384. His approval of the
protective policies of Colbert, Crom-
well, and others, iii. 429. Holds that
French agriculture has ceased to be
protected, iii. 431.
Chinese opium war, i. 237.
Circulation, the, how affected by protec-
tion, ii. 277. How the increased ra-
pidity of, economises labor, and pro-
motes accumulation, ii. 278. How it
is affected by the precious metals, ii.
300, 342. A medium of, the master
want of man, ii. 456. How production
is affected by, iii. 44. How it affects
the power of accumulation, iii. 49. De-
clines with the growth of centraliza-
tion, iii. 214. Obstacles to, in France,
ii. 348. Increases in rapidity as men
become more numerous, and land be-
comes divided, iii. 75. Sluggishness
of, in the early stages of society, iii. 76.
Development of individuality stimu-
lates, iii. 77. Rapidity of, increases as
capital becomes fixed, iii. 78. Pheno-
mena of, in Greece, Italy, Spain, and
France, iii. 82. Becomes more rapid,
as property becomes more secure, iii.
84. How Colbert's policy tended to-
wards quickening, iii. 86. How the