Bagehot, Walter, arrest of civilization,
480-481; why barbarians waste away,
497-498.

Bastiat, cause of interest, 176-186.
Bisset, Andrew, knight's service,
381n.

Buckle, assumes current doctrine of
wages, 18; on Malthus, 92-93, 100;
interest and profits, 158; relation be-
tween rent, wages and interest, 170.
Cairnes, J. E., high wages and interest
in new countries, 20-22.

California, economic principles exem-
plified in, 19-20, 61-63, 78, 144-146, 174,
255-256, 271-275, 290-291, 344, 383-385,
392, 398, 434-435.

Capital, current doctrine of its relation
to wages, 17-18; idle in industrial
depressions, 21; theory that wages
are drawn from, 20-23; deductions
from this theory, 24-25; varying
definitions of, 32-34; difficulties be-
setting use of term, 36-37; ex-
clusions of term, 37-38; distinguished
from wealth, 41-47, 71-72; used in two
senses, 56-57; definitions of Smith,
Ricardo, McCulloch, and Mill com-
pared, 41-45; wages not drawn from,
23-29, 49-69; does not limit industry,
26-29, 57-58, 80-86; does not main-
tain laborers, 70-78; modes in which
it aids labor, 79, 186-188, 195-196;
real functions of 79-87; may limit
form and productiveness of industry,
80-82; apparent want of generally
due to some other want, 82-85;
limited by requirements of produc-
tion, 85-86; poverty not due to
scarcity of, 85-86; not necessary to
production, 163-164; a form of labor,
164, 198, 203; its essence, 179; spurious,
189-194; not fixed in quantity, 195; if
the only active factor in produc-
tion, 201-202; its profits as affected
by wages, 308-309; wastes when not
used, 311; invested upon possessory
titles, 385.

Carey, Henry C., on capital, 34; rent,
225.

China, cause of poverty and famine,

121-122; civilization, 480-481.
Civilization, what, 475-476; prevailing
belief as to progress of, 476-479;
arrest of, 479-486; differences in,
487-502; its law, 503-523; retro-
gression, 482-486, 536-537; to endure
must be based on justice, 543-546;
character of European, 518, 526.
Civilization, modern, its riddle, 10;
has not improved condition of the
lowest class, 281-284; development
of, 372-382; superiority, 519-520; may
decline, 524-528; indications of ret-
rogression, 537-540; its possibilities,
452-469, 549.

Communities, industrial, extent of,
197.

Confucius, descendants of, 111–112.
Consumption, supported by contem
poraneous production, 72-75; de
mand for determines production,
75-76; only relative term, 133; in-
crease of shows increasing produc-
tion, 149.
Co-operation, not a remedy for pov-
erty, 314-317; but will follow from
the extirpation of poverty, 452-469.
Debts, public, not capital, 189-190;
origin and abolition, 381-382, 453.
Demand, not fixed, 243, 245-247. (See
Supply and Demand.)

Deutsch, Emanuel, human nature, 495.
Development, concentration the order
of. 325.

Development Philosophy, relations to
Malthusianism, 100-101; insufficiency
of, 473-486.

Discount, high rates of, not interest,
21n.

Distribution, terms of exclusive, 37,
38, 162; laws of, 153-222; their neces-
sary relation, 160-164; as currently
taught, 160-161; contrasted with true
laws, 218; equality of, 450-451.
Education no remedy for poverty, 305-

306.

Exchange, functions of, 27-29, 76-77;
a part of production, 47; brings in-
crease, 182-183, 186-187; extends
with progress of civilization, 197;
promotes civilization, 508-509.
Exchanges, credit in, 276-277; effect of
wages on international, 309-310.
Fawcett, Prof., Indian expenditures,
120n; value of land in England, 287.
Fawcett, Mrs., laborers maintained
by capital, 70; land tax, 421.

Feudal system, recognition of common
rights to land, 372-375, 381, infeuda-
tion, 396-397.

Fortunes, great, 193-194, 386-387, 451.
Franklin, Benjamin, his economy,
303.

Government, improvements in increase
production, 227, 252; will not relieve
poverty, 298-301; simplification and
change of character, 452-469; tend-
ency to republicanism, 526-527;
transition to despotism, 301, 527-528.
Guizot, Europe after fall of Roman
Empire, 372-373; the question that
arises from a review of civilization,
553.

Hyndman, H. M., Indian famine, 119-
120.

Improvements in the arts, effect upon
distribution, 242-252; in habits of in-
dustry and thrift, will not relieve
poverty, 301-308; upon land, their
value separable from land values,
341-342, 422-423.

India, cause of poverty and famine,
114-121; civilization, 480, 481, 497.
Industrial depressions, extent and sig

nificance, 5-6, 537-538; conflicting
opinions as to cause, 10-11; their
cause and course, 261-279; connection
with railroad building, 272-274; pass-
ing away, 279.

Industry, not limited by capital, 26, 56-

57; may be limited in form and pro-
ductiveness by capital, 80-86.
Interest, confusion of term with profits,
156-163; proper signification, 161-162;
variations in, 174; cause of, 174-
188; justice of, 187; profits mistaken
for, 189-194: law of, 195-203; normal
point of, 198-199; formulation of law,
202.
Interest and wages,evident connection,

19-21; relation, 171-172, 199-203, 218;
why higher in new countries, 221.
Inventions, labor-saving, failure to re-
lieve poverty, 3-5; advantage of goes
primarily to labor, 179, 195-196; ex-
cept when not diffused, 251; effect of,
242-252; brought forth by freedom,
521-523.

Ireland, cause of poverty and famine,
123-128; effect of introduction of
potato, 303-304.

Labor, purpose of, 27-29, 244-245, 396;
meaning of term, 37-38; produces
wages, 27-29, 49-69; precedes wages,
55-58; employs capital, 163, 195; elimi-
nated from production, 201-202; pro-
ductiveness varies with natural
powers,205; no fixed barriers between
occupations, 210-211; value of reduced
by value of land, 221-222; supply and
demand, 263-269; land necessary to,
270, 292-294; cause of want of em-
ployment, 271-272; family, 304; com-
bination, 308-314; only rightful basis
of property, 332-335; efficiency in-
creases with wages, 441-442; not in
itself repugnant, 465.

Labor and Capital, different forms of
same thing, 163-164, 198, 203; whence

idea of their conflict arises, 189, 194;
harmony of interests, 198–203.
Laborers, not maintained by capital,
70-78; where land is monopolized,
have no interest in increase of pro-
ductive power, 281; made more de-
pendent by civilization, 281-284; or-
ganizations of, 308-314; condition not
improved by division of land, 321-
325; their enslavement the ultimate
result of private property in land,
345-355.

of

Land, meaning of term, 37; value of is
not wealth, 39, 165-166; diminishing
productiveness cited in support Mal-
thusian theory, 97; how far true,
133-134, 228-241; maintenance
prices, 274-275; estimated value of in
England, 287; effects of monopoliza-
tion in England, 288-289; relation of
man to, 292-294; division of will not re-
lieve poverty, 319-325; tendency to
concentration in ownership, 319-321;
necessity for abolishing private
wnership, 326-327; injustice of

private property in, 331-392; absurd.
ity of legal titles to, 340, 342-344;
aristocracy and serfdom spring from
ownership of, 294, 348-355, 514-515;
purchase by government, 357-358;
development of private ownership,
366-382; commons, 375-376; tenures
in the United States, 383-392; private
ownership inconsistent with best use,
395 400; how may be made common
property, 401 427; effects of this,
452-469; increase of productiveness
from better distribution of popula-
tion, 449n.

Land owners, power of, 167, 292-294,
345-355; ease of their combination,
312-313; their claims to compensa-
tion, 356-365; will not be injured by
confiscation of rent, 445-469.

Latimer, Hugh, increase of rent in Six-
teenth Century, 288-289.

Laveleye, M. de, on small land hold.
ings, 324-325; primitive land tenures,
369; Teutonic equality, 372.
Lawyers, confusions in their terminol-
ogy, 335-336; their inculcation of
the sacredness of property, 366; in-
fluence on land tenures, 370n.
Life, quantity of human, 109-110;
limits to, 129-134; reproductive power
gives increase to capital, 181; balance
of, 196-197; meaning of, 561.
Macaulay, English rule in India, 116;
future of United States, 534.
Machinery. (See Inventions.)
McCulloch, on wages fund, 22-23n;
definition of capital, 33-34; compared
42-44; principle of increase, 101;
Irish poverty and distress, 125-126;
rent, 232; tax on rent, 420, 422-425.
Malthus, purpose of Essay on Popula
tion, 98; its absurdities, 104-105, 137;
his other works treated with con-
tempt, 105-106n; fall of wages in
Sixteenth Century, 288; cause of his
popularity, 98-100, 336-337n.
Malthusian Theory, stated, examined
and disproved, 91-150; as stated by
Malthus, 93-94; as stated by Mill,
94-95, 140-141; in its strongest form,
95; its triumph and the
causes,
95-96; harmonizes with ideas of
working classes, 98; defends in-
equality and discourages reform,
98-99, 140-141, 336-337n; its extension
in development philosophy, 101;
now generally accepted, 101-102;
its illegitimate inferences, 103-139;
facts which disprove it, 140-150;
its support from doctrine of rent,
97, 132-133, 228-229; effects pred-
icated of increase of population
result from improvements in the
arts, 242-252; the ultimate defense
of property in land, 336-337n.
Man more than an animal, 129–131,
134-136, 307, 464, 473-475, 492-493;
his power to avail himself of the
reproductive forces of nature, 131-
132; primary right and power, 332

883; desire for approbation, 456-458;
selfishness not the master motive,
460-461; his infinite desires, 134-136,
243, 245-247, 464-465, 503; how im-
proves. 475; idea of national or race
life, 485-486; cause of differences
and progress, 487-502; hereditary
transmission, 492-502; social in his
nature, 506.

Mill, John Stuart, definition of capital,
34, 71-72; industry limited by capital,
56-57n, 70-71; Malthusian doctrine,
94-95, 111; effect of unrestricted in-
crease of population, 140-141; con-
fusion as to profits and interest, 158;
law of rent, 168; wages, 213; govern-
ment resumption of increase of land
values, 358-360; influence of Malthu-
sianism, 360-361; tax on rent, 420-
421.

Money, when capital, 45; in hands of
consumer. 46n; confounded with
wealth, 60-61; lack of commodities
spoken of as lack of, 266.
Monopolies, profits of, 191-194; cause
of certain, 408-409.

More, Sir Thomas, ejectments of cot-
tagers, 289.

Nature, its reproductive power, 180-
182; utilization of its variations,
182-183, 185-187; equation between
reproduction and destruction, 196-
197; impartiality of, 333-334.
Nicholson, N. A., on capital, 35.
Nightingale, Florence, causes
famine in India, 118-119, 119, 120n.
Perry, Arthur Latham, on capital, 34;
rent, 225.

of

Political Economy, its failure, its na-
ture and its methods, 10-13;
doctrines based upon the theory
that wages are drawn from capital
24-25; importance of definitions,
30-36; its terms abstract terms, 47;
confusion of standard treatises,
56-57, 158-161, 218; the erroneous
standpoint which its investigators
have adopted, 162-163; its funda-
mental principle, 12, 204, 217, 560;
writers on, stumbling over law of
wages, 215-216; compared with
astronomy, 219-220; deals with gen-
eral tendencies, 278-279; admissions
in standard works as to property
in land, 356-358; principles not
pushed to logical conclusions, 421;
the Physiocrats, 421-422; unison
with moral truth, 230, 484; its hope-
fulness, 557; effect on religious
ideas, 555-556.

Population and Subsistence, 91-150.
(See Malthusian Theory.)
Population, inferences as to in-
crease, 103-104; of world, no evi-
dence of increase in, 107-110; pres-
ent, 113n; increase of descendants
not increase of, 112; only limited by
space, 133-134; real law of increase,
137-139; effect of increase upon

production and distribution, 228-
241; increase of increases wealth,
140-150; puts land to intenser uses,
320; increase in United States, 390.
Poverty, its connection with material
progress, 6-10; failure to explain
this, 10-11; where deepest, 222; why
it accompanies progress, 280-294;
remedy for, 326-328; springs from
injustice, 338-339, 541-542; its effects,
354, 456-464.

Price, not measured by the necessity
of the buyer, 185; equation of
equalizes reward of labor, 204.
Production, same principles obvious in
complex as in simple forms, 26-29;
factors of, 37, 162, 203, 270, 292-294;
includes exchange, 47; the im-
mediate result of labor, 64-67;
directed by demand for consumption,
75; functions of capital in, 79–87, 162–
164; simple modes of sometimes
most efficient, 84-85; only relative
term, 133; increased shown by in-
creased consumption, 149; meaning
of the term, 155; utilizes reproduc
tive forces, 179-182; time an element
in, 180-185; the modes of, 186; re-
course to lower points does not in-
volve diminution of, 229-232; tend-
ency to large scale, 320-321, 325,
531-532; susceptible of enormous in-
crease, 431-434, 466, 547.

Profits, meaning of the term and con-
fusions in its use, 158-162, 189-194.
Progress, human, current theory of
considered, 473-486; in what it con-
sists, 487-502; its law, 503-523, 541-
549; retrogression, 524-540.
Progress, material, connection with
poverty, 7-11, 222; in what it consists,
227; effects upon distribution of
wealth, 228-241; effect of expectation
raised by, 253-258; how it results in
industrial depressions, 261-279; why
it produces poverty, 280-294.
Property, basis of, 331-334, 340-342;
erroneous categories of, 335; deriva-
tion of distinction between real and
personal, 377; private in land not
necessary to use of land, 395-400;
idea of transferred to land, 514–515.
Protection, its fallacies have their
root in belief as to wages, 19; effect
on agriculturists, 447-449; abolition
by England, effect of, 252; how pro-
tective taxes fall, 447-448.

Quesnay, his doctrine, 422-423, 431.
Rent, bearing upon Malthusian theory,

96-98, 132-134, 228-241, 242-252; mean-
ing of the term, 165; arises from
monopoly, 166; law of, 168-170; its
corollaries, 171, 217-218; effect of
their recognition, 171-172; as related
to interest, 201-203; as related to
wages, 204-216; advance of explains
why wages and interest do not ad-
vance, 221-222; increased by increase
of population, 228-241; increased by