action to a considerable extent prescribed by a constitution; | foreign affairs and accept the nominal dignity of vicebut Talleyrand saw better than Napoleon that the laws grand-elector of the empire in addition to the titles of which protect subjects by limiting the arbitrary will of the grand-chamberlain and prince of Benevento, which had ruler, in turn protect him by teaching them legitimate previously been conferred upon him. An unprecedented methods of defending their rights. In another respect career of victory had rendered Napoleon impatient of they resembled each other-neither was remarkably scru- success; the consciousness of important services had renpulous as to the means by which he attained his ends; dered Talleyrand impatient of neglect; and the alienation though this laxity of moral sentiment was kept in check by thus originated was increased and confirmed by the dashthe natural humanity of both. Their very points of differ- ing but vulgar soldiers, who formed such an influential ence were calculated to cement their union. The observant part of the emperor's court, and their silly and vulgar self-centred mind of Talleyrand was lamed by its want of wives, who could not pardon M. de Talleyrand his superior power to set others in motion: it is only through sympathy refinement, and who had all in turn smarted under his insupthat the contagious love of action can be conveyed. The portable sarcasm. Napoleon in exile is said to have repreimpassioned and imaginative soul of Napoleon was made sented the resignation of M. de Talleyrand as involuntary, to attach others to him and whirl them along with him; and rendered necessary by his stock-jobbing propensities. and this power was often too strong for itself: Napoleon, It is not impossible that the minister may have speculated though capable of reflection, was too often hurried away more deeply in the funds than was altogether proper; but by his instinctive impulses. Each of these men felt that had there been no other reason for his dismissal, Napoleon the other was a supplement to himself. Talleyrand really could, and often did, wink at more flagrant pecuniary admired and appreciated Napoleon. If he flattered him, delinquencies. M. de Talleyrand, in his character of grandit was by the delicate method of confirming him in the chamberlain, did the honours of the imperial court at opinions and intentions which met his approbation. He Erfurt; and was on more than one occasion privately condared to tell the First Consul truths which others were afraid sulted by the emperor, who one day said, 'We ought not to utter; and he ventured to arrest at times the impetuosity to have parted.' In 1809 however the ex-minister was so of Napoleon, by postponing the fulfilment of his orders loud and unreserved in his condemnation of the Spanish until he had time to cool. He opposed, as long as there expedition, that Napoleon, on his return from the Peninwas any prospect of success, the divorce from Josephine; sula, deprived him of the office of chamberlain. The last but his virtue gave way in the business of the Duke five years of the empire elicited many caustic criticisms d'Enghien, for even though we exculpate him from parti- from M. de Talleyrand, which were duly carried to the cipation in the execution of that prince, to gratify his ears of the emperor, who retorted by sallies of abuse which master he sanctioned the violation of a neutral territory. irritated the prince without rendering him less powerful. This was however the only instance, in so far as Bona- In 1812 M. de Talleyrand is said to have predicted the parte is concerned, of his sacrificing the duty of a friend overthrow of the empire. In 1813 overtures were made to to flattery that can be brought home to him. Napoleon's him with a view to his resuming the portfolio of foreign frequent recurrence, in his conversations at St. Helena, to affairs, but without success. In 1814 he re-appeared on the subject of Talleyrand's defection, his attempts to solve the stage of active life on his own account. the question at what time that minister began to betray him, show his appreciation of the services he had received from him.

In 1814, as vice-grand-elector of the empire, he was a member of the regency, but was prevented joining it at Blois by the national guard refusing to allow him to quit For a time their alliance continued harmonious, and that Paris-not much against his will. When Paris capituwas the time of Napoleon's success. The arrangement of lated, the emperor Alexander took up his residence in the the Concordat with the pope was the basis of the future house of the prince of Benevento. The words attributed empire, and that negociation was accomplished by Talley- by the Memoirs of Bourrienne to Talleyrand, in his converrand. The treaty of Luneville, secularising the ecclesias-sations with those in whose hands the fortune of war had tical principalities of Germany; the treaty of Amiens, re- for the time placed the fortunes of France, are charactercognising on the part of England the conquests of France, istic, true, and in keeping with his opinions and subseand the new form given to the Continental states by the quent conduct:- -There is no other alternative but NaRevolution; the convention of Lyon, which gave form to poleon or Louis XVIII. After Napoleon there is no one the Cisalpine republic; all bear the impress of the peculiar whose personal qualities would ensure him the support of views of M. de Talleyrand. And the minister of foreign ten men. A principle is needed to give consistency to the affairs was fully aware of his own consequence. In 1801, new government, whatever it may be: Louis XVIII. rewhen obliged by the state of his health to use the waters presents a principle. Anything but Napoleon or Louis of Bourbon l'Archambaud, he wrote to Napoleon:-I XVIII. is an intrigue, and no intrigue can be strong enough regret being at a distance from you, for my devotion to to support him upon whom it might confer power.' This your great plans contributes to their accomplishment.' view lends consistency to the conduct of M. de Talleyrand After the battle of Ulm, Talleyrand addressed to the em- at the close of Napoleon's career. Their alliance had peror a plan for diminishing the power of Austria to interfere long been dissolved; they stood confronting each other as with the preponderance of France, by uniting Tyrol to the separate and independent powers. M. de Talleyrand had Helvetian republic, and erecting the Venetian territory advocated a limited monarchy, until the old throne was into an independent republic interposed between the violently broken up and overturned; he had lent his aid kingdom of Italy and the Austrian territories. He pro- to construct a new monarchy and a new aristocracy out of posed to reconcile Austria to this arrangement by ceding the fragments of old institutions which the Revolution had to it the whole of Wallachia, Moldavia, Bessarabia, and left; he saw France again without a government, and, the northern part of Bulgaria. The advantages he antici- with his principles, he might have consistently taken office pated from this arrangement were that of removing Austria under any government, holding, as he did, the opinion from interfering in the sphere of French influence without that any government is better than none, and that any exasperating it, and that of raising in the East a power man may hold office under it provided he take care to do better able than Turkey to hold a balance with Russia. as much good and as little harm as he can. But M. de Napoleon paid no attention to the proposal. After the Talleyrand did more: he exerted the influence he posvictory of Austerlitz, Talleyrand again pressed it upon his sessed over Alexander to obtain the combination of connotice, but equally without effect. No change in the feel- stitutional forms with the recognition of legitimacy. Louis ings of the emperor and his minister can positively be XVIII. saved appearances by insisting upon being allowed traced to this event; but we see on the one hand a pertina- to grant the charter spontaneously, but it was M. de Talcious repetition of a favourite proposal, and on the other a leyrand's use of the remains of the revolutionary party silent and rather contemptuous rejection of it. We find at that made him feel the necessity of this concession. As a much later period Napoleon complaining of the pertina- minister Talleyrand insisted upon its observance with a city with which Talleyrand was accustomed to repeat any precision that rendered him as much an object of annoyadvice which he considered important; and we find Tal-ance to the courtiers of the Restoration as ever the pedantic leyrand speaking of Napoleon as one who could not be Clarendon was to the gay triflers who surrounded Charles II. served because he would not listen to advice. And we When he set out for the congress of Vienna, in September, cannot but see in the difference of opinion just mentioned 1814, the court of France is said to have presented the the commencement of that coolness which induced Talley- aspect of a school at the commencement of the holidays. rand, on the 9th of August, 1807, to resign the portfolio of The powers who had refused to concede to Napoleon at

Britain on the 5th of September, 1830; and he held the appointment till the 7th of January, 1835, when he was succeeded by General Sebastiani. During these four years M. de Talleyrand, besides obtaining the recognition of the new order of things in France by the European powers, procured a similar recognition of the independence of Belgium, and concluded the quadruple alliance of England, France, Spain, and Portugal, for the purpose of reestablishing the peace of the Peninsula.

the head of a victorious army anything beyond the limits of France in 1792, gave more favourable terms to M. de Talleyrand, the representative of a nation upon which they had just forced a king. He baffled the emperor Alexander, who said angrily, Talleyrand conducts himself as if he were minister of Louis XIV. On the 5th of January, 1815, he signed, with Lord Castlereagh and Prince Metternich, a secret treaty, having previously obliged Prussia to remain contented with a third of Saxony, and Russia to cede a part of the grand-duchy of Warsaw. The imbecility of the After his return from the mission to England, M. de Bourbons, by inviting the descent of Napoleon at Frejus, Talleyrand retired from public life. The only occasion on again unsettled everything. M. de Talleyrand dictated which he again emerged from domestic retirement was the proclamation of Cambray, in which Louis XVIII. con- when he appeared at the Académie des Sciences Morales fessed the faults committed in 1814, and promised to make et Politiques, to pronounce the éloge of Count Reinhard, reparation. He suggested the more liberal interpretation only three months before his own death. He died on the of the charter, announced from the same place. He ob- 20th of May, 1838, in the eighty-fourth year of his age. tained an extension of the democratic principle in the The object of this sketch has been to present, as far as constitution of the Chamber of Deputies, recommended the very imperfect materials which are attainable would the rendering the peerage hereditary, and induced the permit, a view of this very extraordinary man undisking, restored for a second time, to institute a cabinet torted by any partisan feeling either with regard to his council, of which he was nominated the first president. person or principles. It must be admitted in favour of M. The constitutional monarchy, the object of his earlier de Talleyrand that he was warmly beloved by those who wishes, was now definitively established; but the part he were his intimate friends, and by all who were at any time was destined to perform in it was that of a leader of oppo- employed under him. It must also be allowed that when sition. In his note of the 21st of September, 1815, he pro- his life is contemplated as a whole, it bears the imprint of tested, as prime minister, against the new terms which the a unity of purpose animating his efforts throughout. Freeallies intended to impose upon France. He said they were dom of thought and expression, the abolition of antiquated such conditions as only conquest could warrant. There and oppressive feudal forms and the most objectionable can only be conquest where the war has been carried on powers of the church, the promotion of education, the against the possessor of the territory, that is, the sovereign; establishment of a national religion, and a constitutional possession and sovereignty being identical. But when war government compounded of popular representation and an is conducted against a usurper in behalf of the legitimate hereditary sovereign and aristocracy-these were the obpossessor, there can be no conquest; there is only the re-jects he proposed for attainment when he entered the covery of territory. But the high powers have viewed the arena of politics. He attempted to approach this ideal as enterprise of Bonaparte in the light of an act of usurpa- far as circumstances would admit at all periods of his long tion, and Louis XVIII. as the real sovereign of France: career; and he ended by being instrumental in establishthey have acted in support of the king's rights, and ought ing it. No act of cruelty has been substantiated against to respect them. They contracted this engagement by him; and the only charges of base subserviency that aptheir declaration of the 13th and their treaty of the 25th of pear to be satisfactorily proved, are his participation in the March, to which they admitted Louis XVIII. as an ally attempt to extort a bribe from the American envoys, and against the common enemy. If there can be no conquest in the violation of an independent territory in the seizure from a friend, much more can there be none from an ally. of the Duc d'Enghien. His literary was subordinate to his His argument was fruitless: Louis XVIII. bowed to the political character. It is difficult to say how much of the dictation of his powerful allies; and M. de Talleyrand re-writings published in his name were really his own. signed office two months before the conclusion of the treaty Latterly, we are informed upon good authority, he was in which narrowed the frontiers of France and amerced her the habit of explaining his general views on a subject to in a heavy contribution. By this step M. de Talleyrand some one whom he employed to bring this communication enabled himself to contribute essentially to strengthening into shape; and when the manuscript was presented to the constitutional monarchy, to which, if he had any prin- him, he modified and retouched it until it met his views, ciple, he had through life preserved his attachment. Had throwing in a good deal of that wit which gave zest to his he been a party to the treaty, he must have shared with the conversation. The domestic life of M. de Talleyrand has elder branch of the Bourbons the odium which attached to not been alluded to; for almost every statement regarding all who had taken part in it; and hence thrown the oppo- it is poisoned by the small wit of the coteries of Paris. sition into the hands of the enemies of the constitution. The report upon education of 1791; a report to the first By resigning office, he obtained a voice potential in the consul upon the best means of re-establishing the diplodeliberations of the opposition; and no English nobleman matic service of France; the essays upon colonization, and born and bred to the profession could have discharged the commercial relations of England and America; and more adroitly the functions of an opposition leader. For the éloge of M. de Reinhard-may all be regarded as his fourteen years his salon was a place of resort for the own composition. The first is the most commonplace; leaders of the liberal party; in society he aided it by the other three are master-pieces in their different ways. his conversational talents; in the chamber of peers he They bespeak an elegant and accomplished mind, a lent it the weight of his name and experience. He de- shrewd insight into character and the structure of society, fended the liberty of the press in opposition to the cen- and a felicitous and graphic power of expression. sorship; he supported trial by jury in the case of offences wit of M. de Talleyrand was the wit of intellect, not of of the press; and he protested against the interference temperament. It was often full of meaning; always sugof France in the internal affairs of Spain in 1823. gestive of thought; most frequently caustic. His reserve, By this line of conduct he was materially instru- probably constitutional, but heightened by the circummental in creating a liberal party within the pale of the stances of his early life, and cultivated upon principle, constitution; and to the existence of such a party was was impenetrable. In advanced life it seemed even to owing in no small degree the result of the revolution of have affected his physical appearance. When at rest, but 1830, in which, though the dynasty was changed, the con- for his glittering eye, it would have been difficult to feel stitution survived in its most important outlines. That certain that it was not a statue that was placed before you. revolution also placed Prince Talleyrand in a condition to When his sonorous voice broke upon the ear, it was like a realise what had been one of his most earnest wishes at possessing spirit speaking from a graven image. Even in the outset of his political career-an alliance between comparatively early life, his power of banishing all exFrance and England as constitutional governments. To pression from his countenance, and the soft and heavy accomplish this he had laboured strenuously in 1792; to appearance of his features was remarked as contrasting accomplish this was one of the first objects he aimed at startlingly with the manly energy indicated by his deep when appointed minister for foreign affairs under the con- powerful voice. Mirabeau in the beginning, Napoleon sulate: he accomplished it as representative of Louis at the close of the Revolution, threw him into the shade; Philippe. but he outlasted both. The secret of his power was patience and pertinacity; and his life has the appearance of being preternaturally lengthened out when we recollect

M. de Talleyrand was appointed ambassador extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to the court of Great

The

s. d. d. d. d. d. d. 16111116

Exchequer Tally.

as well as simple records of matters of account. They consisted of squared rods of hazel or other wood, upon one side of which was marked, by notches, the sum for which the tally was an acknowledgment; one kind of notch standing for 1000l., another for 100%., another for 20., and others for 20s., 18., &c. On two other sides of the tally, opposite to each other, the amount of the sum, the name of the payer, and the date of the transaction, were written by an officer called the writer of the tallies; and, after this was done, the stick was cleft longitudinally in such a manner that each piece retained one of the written sides, and one-half of every notch cut in the tally. One piece was then delivered to the person who had paid in the money, for which it was a receipt or acquittance, while the other was preserved in the Exchequer. Madox observes respecting these rude and primitive records, 'The use of them was very antient; coeval, for aught I know, with the Exchequer itself in England. They were finally discontinued at the remodelling of the Exchequer in 1834; and it is worthy of recollection that the fire by which the Houses of Parliament were destroyed was supposed to have originated in the over-heating of the flues in which the discarded tallies were being burnt. Clumsy as the contrivance may appear, tallies were effectual in the prevention of forgery, since no ingenuity could produce a false tally which should perfectly correspond with the countertally preserved at the Exchequer; and no alteration of the sum expressed by the notches and the inscription could pass undetected when the two parts of the stick were fitted together. A correspondent of the Gentleman's Magazine' for November, 1834 (p. 480), states that forgeries were attempted immediately after the discontinuance of tally receipts. The officers of the Exchequer commonly called tellers (talliers), as well as several other functionaries, derived their name from the word tally.

Many different kinds of tally are used in gardens and arboretums, to bear either numbers referring to a catalogue, or the names of the plants near which they are placed. Loudon describes several sorts, of wood, metal, earthenware, brick, &c., in his Encyclopædia of Gardening.' Wooden tallies are sometimes marked by notches instead of writing or painting; particular forms or combinations of notches being used to represent either Arabic numerals or the Roman letters commonly employed in numeration. Tallies formed of brick-earth, with a recess for containing a printed card, which is sheltered by a piece of glass, have been introduced of late years, and are particularly recommended for use in arboretums. Instead of being stuck in the ground, like tallies of wood and metal, these brick tallies are formed with a broad base, which rests upon its surface.

(Pictorial Bible, note on Ezek. xxxvii. 20; Madox's History of the Exchequer, &c. A popular history of tallies is given in vol. xxiv. of the Mirror (pp. 325 and 341), partly condensed from the Times newspaper.)_

upon to reverse their judgment and confess their mistake. On the 21st of November, 1787, he made his débût at the Théâtre Français, and in 1789 created a great sensation by his performance of Charles IX. At the commencement of the French Revolution he nearly fell a prey to a severe nervous disorder. On his recovery and the retirement of Larive, Talma became the principal tragic actor. He reformed the costume of the stage, and first played the part of Titus in a Roman toga. During the reign of Napoleon he enjoyed the emperor's friendship; and was no less honoured or esteemed by Louis XVIII. In 1825 he published some Reflections' on his favourite art; and on the 11th of June, 1826, appeared for the last time on the stage in the part of Charles VI. During his last illness the audiences of the Théâtre Français every evening called for an official account of the state of his health previously to the commencement of the performances. He died on the 19th of October following, and was buried in the cemetery of Père la Chaise, in presence of an immense crowd. MM. Arnault, Jouy, and Lafour pronounced orations over his grave. The Théâtre Français remained closed for three evenings, and the Opéra Comique and Odéon were also closed on the day of his funeral. The actors of the Brussels theatre (of which company he was an associate) wore mourning for him for forty days, and a variety of honours were paid to his memory at the principal theatres throughout France and the Netherlands. Talma is said to have created seventy-one characters, amongst the most popular of which were those of Orestes, Edipus, Nero, Manlius, Cæsar, Cinna, Augustus, Coriolanus, Hector, Macbeth, Hamlet, Othello, Leicester, Sylla, Regulus, Danville (in L'Ecole des Vieillards'), Leonidas, Charles VI., and Henry VIII. He has been accused, remarks one of his biogra phers, of having spoken the verse of tragedy as though it were prose; but this avoidance of the jingle of rhyme was one of the greatest improvements which he introduced upon the French stage. In person he was about the middle height, square-built, and with a most expressive and noble countenance. His voice was exceedingly fine and powerful, his attitudes dignified and graceful. In private life he was distinguished for his manly frankness, his kind disposition, and unaffected manners. He spoke English perfectly, and was a great admirer of England and her institutions. He was the friend and guest of John Kemble, and was present in Covent Garden Theatre when that great actor took his leave of the stage.

(Almanach des Spectacles, 1827; Biographie Nouvelle des Contemporains; New Monthly Mag.; Personal Recollections.) TALMUD. [HEBREW LANGUAGE.]

· TALPA. [TALPIDE.]

TALPASO REX, M. Lesson's name for a genus of SoRECIDE, comprising the Shrew-mole. [Vol. xxii., p. 265.] TAʼLPIDE, the family of Moles.

The genus Talpa of Linnæus, as it stands in the 12th edition of the Systema Naturæ, between the genera Didelphis and Sorex, comprises two species only, Talpa Europea, the Common Mole, and Talpa Asiatica. [CHRYSOCHLORIS.]

Cuvier places the Moles, confining them to the genus
Talpa, between Sorex [SORECIDE] and CONDYLURA.
Mr. Swainson places the genus Talpa between Chryso-
chloris and Centenes. [TENREC.]

ORGANIZATION.

Skeleton.-The cranium is elongated and pointed, and

TALMA, FRANÇOIS JOSEPH, an eminent French tragedian, was born in Paris, January 15th, 1763. His father, who was a dentist, went to England shortly after the birth of his son, and practised his profession for some years in London. At nine years of age young Talma returned to France, and was placed in a school at Chaillot, which was kept by Monsieur Lamarguière, a great admirer of the drama, who delighted to discover and encourage a similar taste in any of his pupils. A year after Talma had joined the school he was intrusted with a part in an old tragedy, called 'Simois, Fils de Tamerfane,' which Monsieur Lamarguière had selected for performance by his scholars; and so deeply did the future tragedian enter into the feeling of the character, that he burst into a flood of tears at the recital of the sorrows of the hero, whose brother he represented. At the age of twelve he wrote a little drama, in the composition of which he further developed his knowledge of the stage. He again visited London, and returned a second time to Paris at the latter end of the year 1781, when he commenced the study of logic in the Collège Mazarin. In 1783 he made a coup d'essai at the Théâtre de Doyen, in the character of Seide, in the tragedy of Mahomet.' council of friends, appointed by himself, to judge of his performance, pronounced it a failure: He had not le feu sacré. Talma deferred to this unfavourable opinion, and quietly resumed the study of his father's profession; but a there is a peculiar bone for the support and working of few years afterwards the very same friends were called the muzzle. The part which extends from the internal P. C., No. 1490.

A

Skull of Mole.

VOL. XXIV.-D

Skeleton of Mole. (De Blainville.) The nuchal bone and accessory carpal sabre-shaped bone are here shown. living form has the compressed phalangeal bones seen in Glyptodon except the mole. The second phalanx of the anterior digits or fingers of the mole is the only known living analogue of the similar bone in the hind-foot of Glyptodon. The sternum, like that of the birds and bats, has an elevation or crest affording room for the large pectoral muscles. The pelvis and hinder extremities are comparatively feeble. The bones of the pubis are not joined.

This bony framework is set in motion by very powerful muscles. Those of the anterior extremities, the chest, and the neck are most vigorous, and in the cervical ligament a peculiar bone is even formed. The wide hand, which is the great instrument of action, and performs the offices of a pickaxe and shovel, is sharp-edged on its lower margin, and, when clothed with the integuments, the fingers are hardly distinguishable, but the terminating claws project long, strong, flat, and trenchant.

Let us compare for a moment the bats with the moles with reference to their locomotion. Both are insectivorous, but how widely different in their conformation. The bat has to winnow its way through the air: the mole, like the bat, has to react against a given medium, a very different one, certainly; and is endowed with a power of moving through that medium by means of a modification of the locomotive organs beautifully adapted to its density. Instead of the lengthened bones of the forearm that so well assist the bat to make its way with outstretched wing through the air, all in this part of the organization of the mole is short and compact, to enable it to bore through the dense medium where it is to live and move and have its being. The development is all anterior: the fore part of the mole forms an elongated cone; the posterior part is narrow and small, and the whole of its proportions are admirably fitted to assist it, so to speak, in flying through the earth. The long and almost round scapula, the expanded humerus, the enormous power, in short, of the anterior extremities, and the great strength and compactness of the fingers, are all fitted for the digging duty they have to do. Add to this a soft short-cut velvety coat, to which no particle of soil ever adheres, and you have the perfection of organization for rapid progress through the ground.

Nor is it void of interest to observe the niceties of adaptation according to circumstances. The CHRYSOCHLORIS (Talpa aurea of the older authors) is an inhabitant of Africa, and burrows in sand. This medium required a modification of organization different from that required to permeate the heavier soils, and we have it. Though some of the bones are strong, the general strength is less than in the common Mole. The principal burrowing instrument is the great double anterior toe (ring-finger), and there is an enormous development of the pisiform

bone.

In the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, in London, No. 282 G, of the Physiological Series, shows the anterior half of the body of a Mole (Talpa Europaea, Linn.), in which the diaphragm and principal muscles of the right extremity are dissected and exposed, as illustrative of one of the principal structures for burrowing.

Nervous System and Senses.--(Touch.)-The muzzle of the mole is evidently a delicate organ of touch, and that sense is considerably developed in the large and broad hands and feet. Neither is the tail without a considerable share of sensation, to give notice to the animal of the approach of any attack from behind.

Taste and Smell.-The gustatory and olfactory nerves, especially the latter, appear to be very sensitive. Sight.-Almost rudimentary. The little eye is so hidden in the fur, that its very existence was for a long time denied. It appears to be designed for operating only as a warning to the animal on its emerging into the light; and indeed more acute vision would only have been an incumbrance. No. 1772 (Mus. Coll. Reg. Chir., Phys. Series) is the anterior part of a mole (Talpa Europea, Linn.), showing the minute circular palpebral orifices defended by the short thick fur.

Hearing.-But if the sight be imperfect, the sense of hearing is very highly developed, and the tympanum very large, though there is no external ear, or rather, no projecting concha. No. 1608, in the department of the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons above referred to, exhibits the anterior part of a mole (Talpa Europea, Linn.), from which the hair has been removed, to show the external orifices of the ears and eyes, in both of which bristles are placed. No. 1609 is also the anterior part of the same animal with the fur left on, showing the entrance to the meatus auditorius externus unprovided with a projecting concha, or external ear, which would be an impediment in the act of burrowing, and an unnecessary appendage: the meatus is defended in this animal, which lives habitually in the soil, by the smallness of the external opening. John Hunter, in his Manuscript Catalogue, introductory of this part of the series, observes that an external concha is not to be found in many animals whose life is principally led underground, such as the mole; and perhaps because the earth assists considerably in vibration.

There is nothing that calls for any particular notice in the Digestive System of the Mole. The alimentary canal is short, simple, without a cæcum. The voracity of the mole corresponds with the activity and rapidity of its digestive powers.

Generative and Urinary Systems.-No. 2505 of the Physiological Series in Mus. Coll. Reg. Chir. exhibits a mole with the abdomen laid open to show the testes as they appear in winter. They are lodged in large cremasteric pouches in the perineal region, making no projection externally. The right testis is drawn into the abdomen by the side of the bladder, and its posterior extremity may be seen attached to the inverted cremaster: the left testis has its anterior extremity projecting into the abdominal cavity. The prostatic glands, which consist of an aggregate of cæcal tubes, are just visible behind the bladder. No. 2506 is a mole killed in February, and prepared to show the increased size of the testes, and the commencing sexual development of the prostatic cæca. No. 2507 is a mole killed in the beginning of March, and prepared to show a further increase of the testes and accessory prostatic glands: the latter have now advanced forwards on each side of the urinary bladder, so as to encompass its neck: the left testis has been drawn back into the abdomen, and its attachment to the inverted cremasteric pouch displayed. No. 2508 is a mole killed about the latter end of March, and dissected to show the complete development of the testes and prostatic glands. The long penis and its two crura, surrounded by the erectores muscles, are also shown. No. 2509 is a mole which was killed in autumn, prepared to show the collapsed state of the testes, and the atrophied condition of the pro